Title
The spatially resolved [C II] Cooling line deficit in galaxies
Author
Smith, J. D T (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie)
Croxall, Kevin (Illumination Works LLC)
Draine, Bruce (Princeton University)
Looze, Ilse De (University of Cambridge)
Sandstrom, Karin (University of California)
Armus, Lee (Spitzer Science Center)
Beirão, Pedro (Observatoire de Paris)
Bolatto, Alberto (University of Maryland)
Boquien, Mederic (Universidad de Antofagasta)
Brandl, B.R. (TU Delft Astrodynamics & Space Missions; Universiteit Leiden) 
Crocker, Alison (Reed College)
Dale, Daniel A. (University of Wyoming)
Galametz, Maud (European Southern Observatory)
Groves, Brent (Australian National University)
Helou, George (California Institute of Technology)
Herrera-Camus, Rodrigo (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics Garching)
Hunt, Leslie (INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri)
Kennicutt, Robert (University of Cambridge)
Walter, Fabian (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie)
Wolfire, Mark (University of Maryland)
Date
2017-01-01
Abstract
We present [C ii] 158 μm measurements from over 15,000 resolved regions within 54 nearby galaxies of the Kingfish program to investigate the so-called [C ii] "line-cooling deficit" long known to occur in galaxies with different luminosities. The [C ii]/TIR ratio ranges from above 1% to below 0.1% in the sample, with a mean value of 0.48 ± 0.21%. We find that the surface density of 24 μm emission dominates this trend, with [C ii]/TIR dropping as vIv (24 μm)increases. Deviations from this overall decline are correlated with changes in the gas-phase metal abundance, with higher metallicity associated with deeper deficits at a fixed surface brightness. We supplement the local sample with resolved [C ii] measurements from nearby luminous infrared galaxies and high-redshift sources from z = 1.8-6.4, and find that star formation rate density drives a continuous trend of deepening [C ii] deficit across six orders of magnitude in ΣSFR. The tightness of this correlation suggests that an approximate can be estimated directly from global measurements of [C ii]/TIR, and a relation is provided to do so. Several low-luminosity active galactic nucleus (AGN) hosts in the sample show additional and significant central suppression of [C ii]/TIR, but these deficit enhancements occur not in those AGNs with the highest X-ray luminosities, but instead those with the highest central starlight intensities. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the [C ii] line-cooling line deficit in galaxies likely arises from local physical phenomena in interstellar gas.
Subject
dust, extinction
galaxies: ISM
infrared: galaxies
techniques: spectroscopic
To reference this document use:
http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:2bea7b27-4b7e-45cf-a0cf-f093c834ac39
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/5
ISSN
0004-637X
Source
The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics, 834 (1)
Part of collection
Institutional Repository
Document type
journal article
Rights
© 2017 J. D T Smith, Kevin Croxall, Bruce Draine, Ilse De Looze, Karin Sandstrom, Lee Armus, Pedro Beirão, Alberto Bolatto, Mederic Boquien, B.R. Brandl, Alison Crocker, Daniel A. Dale, Maud Galametz, Brent Groves, George Helou, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Leslie Hunt, Robert Kennicutt, Fabian Walter, Mark Wolfire