· · · Repository Hydraulic Engineering Reports

This volume describes a screening analysis of eutrophication control tactics for the Netherlands. It determines which tactics are promising by developing estimates of possible tactics' potential effectiveness and costs in Dutch waters on the basis of the literature and a few model results. The tactics considered in the analysis include not only those for reducing phosphate loads incorporated in the current Dutch eutrophication control policy, but also tactics that are possible complements or substitutes for that policy. An attempt is made to demonstrate that different features of Dutch waters can make conventional control tactics ineffectual. These and other possible control tactics are examined to determine their potential effectiveness, costs, and adverse effects in the Dutch context. Finally, a small number of promising tactics are identified, ones whose attractiveness seems sufficient to merit further evaluation.

Summarizes the PAWN project, documented in RAND Notes N-1500/2 to N-1500/20, which designed alternative water management policies for the Netherlands and assessed their consequences. Considers both short- and long-term policies, including building new facilities and changing facility operating rules to improve supply as well as using prices and regulations to reduce user demands. Describes a widely applicable general approach to complex policy problems and presents the specific system of models developed to assess policy effects on agriculture and hydrology, irrigation, shipping, industry, drinking water companies, power plants, salt intrusion, groundwater supplies, and environment. Discusses the policies that were designed and their detailed consequences. Indicates how the study's results were incorporated into the new Dutch water management policy and how the methodology was institutionalized in the Netherlands. Provides a thoroughly documented case study showing how a policy analysis of complex natural resource and environmental questions can be carried out.

This volume is concerned with designing long-run pricing and regulation strategies that efficiently allocate the increasingly scarce groundwater (GW) in the Netherlands. Chapter 2 describes the methodology used, particularly the linear program RESDM that became an integral part of the strategy-design process. It begins with a nontechnical overview, and then describes fully the tactics considered. Chapter 3 begins with outlining the plans to use RESDM to carry out the analysis, then presents the results of those analyses. The special study that shows the expected net annual benefits to the nation of giving GW-extraction priority to agriculture or jointly to industry and drinking water companies is given at the end of the chapter. Finally, the conclusions, both about the methodology and the findings, are presented in Chap. 4.

This volume investigates what day-to-day actions will bring about the distribution of surface water most beneficial to all water users and uses. It describes the Managerial Strategy Design Model (MSDM), and the results that have been obtained with it. Given a fixed set of facilities, MSDM determines a managerial strategy that yields the lowest possible total cost to all users of water. Chapters 2 through 7 discuss the formulation of the model. The computational features and mechanics of using the model are described in Chap. 8. Chapters 9 through 11 present some results and conclusions obtained from exercising MSDM.

This volume discusses the methodology and results of the special PAWN study of eutrophication control. It should be read in conjunction with Vol. III, Screening of Eutrophication Control Tactics. Volume VI estimates the effectiveness of many of the tactics discussed in Vol. III for controlling phytoplankton blooms in the particular circumstances found in Dutch lakes. Part 1 discusses CHARON, the nutrient model being developed under the WABASIM project. Among the subjects discussed are model formulation, nutrient transport and exchange processes, calibration and validation, and some results. Part 2 deals with BLOOM II, the phytoplankton model that, like CHARON, is being developed under the WABASIM project. It outlines the formulation of the model, data requirements, and calibration and validation. Part 3 treats OXYMOD, the dissolved oxygen model developed under PAWN. Subjects dealt with include formulation, data needs, calibration, and recommendations for further development. Part 4 presents results and conclusions.

This volume in the PAWN series documents the impacts on industrial firms in the Netherlands that would be brought about by the imposition of a set of proposed water-management policies. It describes the structure, data requirements, and major assumptions behind the computer models used to calculate the efficient distribution of ground water (GW) and drinking water by simulating the water use of industrial firms. Then it analyzes the possible responses of Dutch firms to changes in the availability or intake costs of GW, estimates the cost and water-use mix of their least-cost responses, and predicts how the European markets for industrial goods will allocate those resulting costs (and benefits) among the impacted firms, their competitors, and their customers. It finds that firms can respond in many ways to changes in their GW intake environment; that some responses cost considerably less than others; that little of the cost can be passed on to consumers, but that the government will pick up about one-third of it; and that the gross cost increases (including the government's share) approximate rather closely the industrial sector's contribution to the policies' total effects on the net economic welfare of the Netherlands.

This volume discusses the data, methodology, results, and conclusions relevant to each aspect of the study. Chapter 2 describes inland shipping operations in the Netherlands and their importance to Western Europe. Chapter 3 discusses shipping costs and the problem of defining what cost elements should be considered in the analysis. Chapter 4 explains the need for the low water loss functions, and presents their development. Chapter 5 considers the implications of water management policies for the size of the shipping fleet in the long run. Chapter 6 discusses the general problem of lock analysis. Chapter 7 explains the general methodology for estimating the impact of major changes in the shipping network and its operation. Chapter 8 discusses the structure of the industry and market, explaining how difficult it is to determine direct and indirect effects of changes in shipping costs. Chapter 9 summarizes the results of the analysis, and presents observations and conclusions about the relationship between shipping and water management policies.

This volume describes the aggregate economic effects of water management policies on Dutch families, which differ by location, employment, and level of income. It summarizes impacts from the individual sectors of the Dutch economy that were investigated by the PAWN team, and that have been documented in other volumes of this series, and then aggregates those impacts and follows them as they are transformed into changes in the income, expenditures, and taxes paid by individual Dutch families. This volume also documents the methodology used by the PAWN team to estimate and distribute the monetary benefits from a particular water management policy. For each sector, the methodology uses the monetary costs and damages calculated elsewhere in PAWN to estimate the financial benefits and their distribution among Dutch producers, consumers, and government as well as between the Dutch nation and Western Europe. It describes the basic approach used throughout the study and the specialized equations used in the separate sectors.

This volume describes the Water Distribution Model (DM), the central model in PAWN's analysis methodology. The DM is a computer simulation of the water distribution system in the Netherlands. It determines water demands over time, allocates water resources to help meet the demands, calculates the concentrations of several water pollutants throughout the distribution system, calculates losses to agriculture and shipping due to water shortages and water salinity, and provides output from which the costs of meeting water thermal standards can be determined for the electrical power industry. The DM was used in the screening stage of the PAWN analysis to estimate the expected monetary benefits (or disbenefits) to agriculture and shipping from implementation of the technical and managerial tactics being evaluated. In the impact assessment stage of the analysis, the DM was used to determine the monetary benefits (or disbenefits) of promising water management policies to agriculture, shipping, and the electrical power generating industry, and to determine any effects of these policies on pollutant concentrations throughout the country.

The purpose of this volume is to document the cost estimates for a comprehensive set of proposed water management infrastructure tactics. Several concepts of how the costs of infrastructure tactics were selected and used in PAWN and the justifications for them are presented in Chap. 2. There are a few important cost estimating relationships that are used repeatedly. Most of these were developed by the authors and are discussed fully in Chap. 3. Chapters 4 through 10 present the individual tactic cost estimates by analysis region. Each of these chapters begins with a description of the region and the water management problem. A brief discussion of the key cost estimating assumptions and methods used is also presented with each tactic. The specific tactic cost estimates used in PAWN analyses are presented in the appendix.

The present volume describes the major model used in estimating the impacts of water-management tactics on industrial firms. It contains detailed documentation of the Industry Response Simulation Model (IRSM), explaining the structure, inputs, and attributes of that model. Chapter 2 presents the general structure of the model and discusses its inputs and outputs and the underlying assumptions of the model. In Chap. 3, the authors consider the unit cost estimates, which are subject to economies of scale and are used as input to the model. The results that can be obtained with IRSM are presented in Chap. 4. Chapter 5 deals with sensitivity analysis and shows the sensitivity of the results to the different assumption and cost parameters used in IRSM. Finally, brief concluding remarks on the reliability of the model and the purposes for which it should be used are offered.

This volume contains seven technical appendixes to Vol. V, [Design of Managerial Strategies]. This volume is properly regarded as part of Vol. V, rather than as a volume in its own right. Some of the appendixes in this volume also serve as appendixes for Vol. XI, [Water Distribution Model]. Topics discussed include details of the MSDM network, derivation of the balance equation for a pollutant at a node, details of water quality modeling in DM and MSDM, details of salt modeling in MSDM, details of thermal pollution modeling in MSDM, details of the representation of agriculture in MSDM, and details of shipping losses due to low water in MSDM.

Beleidspland voor het waterbeheer in volledige breedte voor de jaren 2009-2015. Uitwerking van de voorstellen van de 2e Deltacommissie (Cie Veerman). Watervisie en hoofdlijnen waterveiligheidsbeleid. Ruimtelijke aspekten van water, duurzame watervoorziening voor Nederland. Uitwerking in Stroomgebiedbeheerplannen (deze zijn als afzonderlijke documenten uitgewerkt).

This volume describes one of the first steps in the evaluation of alternative policy options for water management — the screening of technical and managerial tactics. In this step, a large number of possibilities for changing the movement and storage of water throughout the Netherlands (tactics) were evaluated in terms of a small number of impact measures in order to screen out those that are clearly not attractive. The output from this step is relatively small list of tactics that are sufficiently sensible and beneficial, relative to their costs, that they deserve a more thorough examination. The volume discusses tactics mainly concerned with alleviating problems caused by shortages of surface water (including low flows and levels in waterways) and water salinity (which refers to the concentration of chloride ions in the water).

This volume assesses the impacts of a number of water management policies developed by PAWN on drinking-water (DW) companies and their customers (households, commercial entities, and industrial firms). Chapter 2 summarizes briefly the major water-related problems facing DW companies in the Netherlands today, and shows why the author believes they will become more severe in the future. Chapter 3 describes the methodology in detail. Chapter 4 presents the impacts and associated discussion of PAWN's primary and groundwater cases on DW production, and on DW companies and their customers. Finally, in Chap. 5, the author assesses those impacts, draws some overall conclusions, and discusses the implications of those conclusions for the future supply and costs of DW in the Netherlands.

This report describes a verification simulation of a model of the Eastern Scheldt. Boundary conditions for a simulation of flows and water levels on 11 January 1982 are obtained from gauging stations in the offshore area of the estuary by use of weighting functions obtained from simulations with other models of conditions of September 1975 in the offshore area. The simulation was made first without taking into account the effects of the varying density in the estuary. By operating the model in this mode a direct comparison with a hydraulic model could be made. In the verification simulation, pressures resulting from salinity differences were included in the comparison. An average salinity distribution was an input at the start of the simulation. Simulation results indicated a very good agreement between observed and computed transport rates through the Hammen, Schaar, and Roompot. A good agreement between observed and computed water levels was also obtained. The simulation in which the pressures resulting from salinity were included had a better agreement with observed data than the simulation without the salinity.

This volume in the PAWN series describes a series of analyses that allow its users to specify several plausible scenarios of agricultural irrigation systems location. These scenarios were used by agricultural models in screening and impact assessment. The scenarios are created by the preprocessor for the distribution model program, also discussed in this volume.

This volume describes the Electric Power Reallocation and Cost model (EPRAC). This model uses linear programming techniques to estimate the cost to power companies of complying with environmental standards that limit thermal pollution. EPRAC was used to postprocess some of the output of the Water Distribution Model (DM) in Vol. IX of this series. A version of EPRAC was also included as a submodel in the Managerial Strategy Design Model in Vol. V.

Some of the tactics considered in PAWN involve raising the water level in two large freshwater lakes (the IJsselmeer and Markermeer) in order to store more fresh water for use in the summer dry period. This volume describes models that PAWN developed and used to estimate the change in safety, as measured by the probability of flooding, which would result from these tactics. Two models, the IJsselmeer Filling Model and the Dike Safety Model, are described and the reliability of the results obtained by using these models are discussed.

When water is extracted from rivers to supply users such as agriculture, the resulting sedimentation may cause costs for shipping or dredging. This volume describes three models, the Sedimentation Model, Dredging Cost Model, and Sedimentation Loss Function Model, built to estimate these costs for tactics which involve extractions from the Waal River. These models help determine procedures which result in the lowest costs and to estimate these costs when different water management tactics are used.