· · · Institutional Repository

Design for a custom CNC wire-cut sandwich element from EPS and fibre glass reinforced epoxy. Algoritmic model for generation of custom elements.

The goal of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the method CFD by engineers in determining wind loads on structures and ideally contribute to the development of a future design tool. The field of wind engineering is explored and wind tunnel and CFD modelling is discussed. Results determined with wind tunnel tests and CFD simulations are compared and verified. This is the focus of this thesis. Recommended actions for a guideline on post-processing steps are presented. Conclusions that are drawn concern the wall-adjacent cell height, the use of turbulence models and simulation methods.

This project is aiming to reduction of energy demands, and greenhouse gas emissions consequently, by achieving less heating demand and higher thermal comfort for residential buildings. The choice of refurbishment as the best solution for that is investigated. For the needs of the project, a case study was used, carefully chosen to be representative and of common detailing, so the solutions proposed can be implemented to more buildings. The criteria for the refurbishment measures that were investigated were mainly: not extreme costs, comfort for the residents during the construction and the possibility to generalize the solution for more buildings. CAPSOL models were created for the calculation of the heating demand in the exiting situation and the refurbishment solutions. The result of this modeling was that the building has to be fully refurbished in order for it to achieve both high thermal comfort and low heating demand. Passive measures, like second skin façade and closed-off balcony, work better than external insulation, especially if they are south oriented. The greenhouse gas emissions were calculated both form the heating demands and by calculating the embedded energy of the materials used in each refurbishment solution. Again, the passive measures were more efficient because glass and steel are much less environmentally-costly materials than aluminium frames and external insulation. Also, geothermy played an important role in reducing the emissions greatly.

As a building ages the building performance demands may change. The CEG building is a representative case of building that has to face modern demands. Indoor comfort is a subject which does not only depend on physical parameters, but also on the occupants perception of comfort. To capture this duality this research has performed a user research. By the use of Post Occupancy Evaluation comfort complaint information was retrieved from the occupants. The user and technical data have led to a preliminary diagnosis on the building's performance. Several interventions have been reviewed that can improve the indoor climate. With the use of a simulation tool, Design Builder, several intervention profiles have been reviewed. Based on all the results a preliminary design proposal has been developed. The conclusion of this research is that a combination of active and passive solutions is required to improve the indoor climate of the CEG building. The preliminary design proposal will lead to an improvement of comfort and a decrease in energy consumption.

Zwembad “De Vosse” is een openluchtzwembad in de gemeente Hillegom. Het bad is geopend in de maanden mei, juni, juli en augustus. Bij mooi weer trekt het jaarlijks meer dan 50.000 bezoekers, aangezien het een van de weinige openluchtbaden in de regio is. Voor de exploitatie is het wellicht gunstiger als het bad gedurende een langere periode geopend kan zijn (zoals bij overdekte zwembaden). Hiervoor zou het bad aangepast en/of overdekt moeten worden. Binnenbaden blijken echter in de zomer minder bezoekers te trekken, omdat mensen liever in de zon en de buitenlucht vertoeven. In dit rapport wordt onderzocht op welke manier het zwemseizoen van zwembad “De Vosse” verlengd kan worden, zonder dat de mogelijkheid om ’s zomers in de buitenlucht te zwemmen vervalt. Het onderzoek beperkt zich tot bouwkundige en constructieve oplossingen. De economische haalbaarheid is hierbij niet meegenomen. Voor het ontwerp is de bestaande situatie als uitgangspunt genomen. Het is dus duidelijk de bedoeling het bestaande bad aan te passen en niet om het geheel volledig te vervangen door nieuwbouw.

The process of evacuating some large high-rise buildings may take upwards of several hours. One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether it is feasible and desirable to completely evacuate the high-rise building in fires. This research seeks to remedy this problem by proposing one or more efficient egress plan(s) for high-rise buildings. Investigation into a number of Dutch projects, international fire codes and state-of-the-art literature laid the foundation for this study. Four egress plans have been presented from a worldwide perspective for a specific certain building: Koningin Julianaplein in The Hague, the Netherlands. At least ten egress possibilities have been presented with respect to different fire scenarios. Assessment results of all egress possibilities suggest that partial evacuation appears to be the most appropriate strategy for Koningin Julianaplein, which results in a reduction in egress time by as much as 50% (defend-in-place) and 43% (relocation). While for office towers under relatively high occupant loading, phased evacuation has positive effect on the egress efficiency in comparison with traditional simultaneous evacuation.

Als gevolg van stroming langs gebouwen ontstaat geluid, dat als zeer hinderlijk kan worden ervaren wanneer het een toon betreft. Dit tonaal geluid ontstaat onder andere door regelmatige wervelvorming achter constructiedelen, staande golven, en zogenaamde Helmholtzresonatoren. Een aantal notoire probleemgevallen op dit gebied haalden de afgelopen jaren uitgebreid de pers, waaronder de Hoftoren en het Strijkijzer, een tweetal hoogbouwprojecten in Den Haag. Uiteraard is deze problematiek niet aan de beroepspraktijk voorbijgegaan. Een veelvoud aan problemen op dit gebied is bekend; roosters blijken bovengemiddeld vaak aan de basis daarvan te staan. Van CFD wordt verwacht dat het, zeker op de langere termijn, ook nuttig kan zijn bij het oplossen van problemen met windgeluid. Wetenschappelijk onderzoek op dit gebied baseert zich op stroming rond objecten; het optreden van geluid is daarbij in eerste instantie een nevenverschijnsel. Belangrijk werk op dit specifieke gebied is verricht door Parker en, zeker in het geval van roosters, door Spruyt begin jaren ’70. Later relevant werk richt zich op het beschrijven van de stroming rond platen en het vinden van wetmatigheden aan de hand van het dimensieloze getal van Strouhal. In het kader van dit onderzoek zijn in de Open Jet Facility van de TU Delft windtunnelmetingen aan een aantal Dejo-roosters gedaan, die onderlinge verschilden in afwerking, maaswijdte en de dimensies van de draagstaven. Alle proefstukken leverden resultaat op in de vorm van tonaal geluid, soms al bij 8 à 9 m/s. Bij hogere snelheden bleef bij het verhogen van de windsnelheid vrijwel altijd onafgebroken een of meerdere tonen hoorbaar. De luidste fluittoon kende een geluidsniveau van ruim 110 decibel bij 25 m/s, met slechts 1m2 roosteroppervlakte. Een doorsnee proefstuk produceerde slechts onder enkele zeer specifieke hoeken tonaal geluid; een kleine wijziging van de hoek was dan voldoende om de toon volledig te laten verdwijnen waarna slechts nog ruis resteerde. De optredende tonen bleken verklaarbaar vanuit ten minste twee verschillende mechanismen. Bij het ene deel van de metingen neemt de frequentie geleidelijk toe bij het toenemen van de windsnelheid, en volgt daar een relatie volgens Strouhal. Een ander deel hangt sterk samen met de afmetingen van de roostermazen, waarbij de maaswijdte en dikte van een rooster (of mogelijkerwijs combinaties daarvan zoals een diagonaal) bepalend zijn voor de toonhoogte. De relevante afmeting is steeds gelijk aan meervouden van een halve golflengte; meerdere van dergelijk tonen kunnen tegelijkertijd optreden; het mechanisme is herkenbaar aan de constante toonhoogte over een range van windsnelheden. Waarschijnlijk betreft het zogenaamde Parker-modes. Nog niet beproefd zijn roosters met een sterk afgeronde voorzijde, of maatregelen voor het tegengaan van het tonaal geluid bij roosters.

This report describes a Master’s Thesis research that has been carried out to gain insight in the possible improvements of sound insulation of membrane structures, which are used in practice for temporary structures, e.g. festival tents, and to give practical solutions. This research concentrated on triple-leaf membrane systems with filled cavities. From a state-of-the-art review can be concluded that triple-leaf membrane systems, when filled, perform better than double-leaf and single-leaf membrane structures. From literature research it was concluded as well that tension in the membrane has a negligible effect on the sound insulation and that, on the other hand the flow resistance both of the filling and of the membrane material has large influence. Three different kind of filling materials were used in the present study: (lightweight) glass wool, polyester wool and aerogel. Acoustical measurements were carried out in a laboratory, of which the outcomes were compared to a number of computer and mathematical models. The Multiple Layer Model appears to give good prediction for filled triple-layer membrane systems and this model therefore was used to optimise the important parameters. A well performing triple-layer membrane system was discussed, which met the restriction of 7kg/m2 for the surface density of the membrane package. This system includes one layer of aerogel for reasonable sound insulation at low frequencies, and one thicker layer of glass wool yielding good sound insulation at higher frequencies. This system is only investigated theoretically for nog and not empirically (yet). Details have been worked out for a number of practical membrane structure applications for this result (also applicable to variants using only glass wool), focussing on temporary (festival) tent structures.

Transparent building appeals to imagination. The availability of glass in all shapes and sizes is continuously increasing; architects and engineers thankfully make use of the given opportunities. But glass has also some specific disadvantages, as it’s extreme brittleness. Luckily more materials are available that offer the desired transparency; transparent plastics might be a promising addition to the world of transparent building. The transparent plastics that are considered most suitable for building applications are Acrylic (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC). In this research the behaviour of these transparent plastics is analysed and it is investigated whether and how the materials can be used in building structures, to further explore the dream of completely transparent buildings. Transparent plastics show some, for building materials, unusual characteristics, as thermoplastic and visco-elastic behaviour, special production techniques and a very low ratio between Young’s modulus and strength. This requires a different design approach. A case study is performed to get more feeling for the design with thermoplastics. To be able to use the freedom of shape and to explore the limits of the materials an observation tower is designed. An entirely transparent tower, made completely from transparent plastics. The design demonstrates that it is technically possible to design building structures in acrylic and polycarbonate. Transparent plastics offer promising possibilities for building design but still a lot will have to be investigated further before they can really be used for load bearing structures. For instance the development of standard details, the investigation of fire safety, the buckling behaviour of plastics and the long-term behaviour for a design life over 20 years, which is now the limit by a lack of data,. This will be a trajectory of years but other materials have come that long road before. Once the plastics industry recognises the opportunities of investing in this new product market the development of suitable building products, details and optimal material compositions will certainly progress faster. Transparent plastics will probably never become a threatening substitute for standard glazing applications, but they have the ability to become a worthy colleague to glass in the future and an interesting addition to the world of transparent building.

The construction of free form building stagnated, due to the high construction cost of it. Double curved surfaces are only applied at projects with a high profile and projects above average budget during years. The problem with double curved surfaces is mainly the formwork. The present days used techniques to construct these formworks are statically. For example: wooden, steel or milled EPS formwork could only be used for one shaped elements. The lack of repetition and so the reusability of the formwork, which means that for a free form surface for every element a unique formwork is needed, makes the construction very expensive. A feasible way for mass production of unique shaped double curved elements could be achieved by a flexible formwork: a formwork that can be adjusted in every desired shape. It consists of a flexible layer that can be deformed into the desired curved surface by adjusting for example pistons, actuators or pins. Recently K. Huyghe and A. Schoofs have executed a series of experiments with a flexible formwork, build earlier by D. Rietbergen and Dr. Ir. K. Vollers. The purpose of this master thesis was to solve more aspects of the flexible formwork, and to make it a feasibly system. The main focus was the behavior of the flexible layer, at some places the flexible layer did not though the actuators. Predicting the behavior of the deformed flexible layer makes an accurate production possible. To be able to determine the behavior of the flexible layer some models are proposed. With these models the reaction forces at the supports could be determined, compression forces means that the flexible layer though the supports. The first model that is proposed, is for a single curved element. For the double curved mould surface two models are proposed, a plate model and a strip model. With tests at the Stevin Laboratory these models are verified, and some other aspects are tested, for example the flexible border of the formwork. Tests indicate that a plate is not suitable for the flexible layer, it buckles due to the plate stresses. The strip mould consists of two layers of strips, perpendicular to each other. The top layer of the strips is the mould surface. Tests showed that it is possible to produce double curved elements with the strip mould. Conclusions and recommendations. The models that are proposed in this thesis describe the behavior of the flexible layer well. A plate does not fulfil the function of a flexible layer. Tests have shown that it is possible to produce double curved elements with the strip mould as flexible layer. To cover the strips an additional layer is needed. In these tests polyether is used, as well for the borders. The protection of the polyether with sealant made the concrete element very rough. Another material has to be found as elastic layer, or to protect the polyether.

Heden ten dage zijn er onoverzichtelijk veel verschillende klimaatinstallaties. Deze installaties geven vaak problemen in verschillende fasen van het bouwproces, zo ook in de ontwerpfase. In dit werk is een selectie van meest voorkomende installaties in de woningbouw integraal onderzocht in haar omgeving om de thermische en energetische prestaties vast te stellen. Om deze installaties te kunnen onderzoeken is er voor gekozen om zelf een computermodel op te zetten op basis van de Eindige Elementen Methode, waarin zowel het bouwfysische als het installatietechnische onderdeel zijn gemodelleerd. Het model is iteratief in overleg met bouwfysische en installatietechnische adviseurs tot stand gekomen. Het model is gevalideerd met behulp van VABI, door handmatige nacalculaties, en door vergelijkingen met andere reeds voor handen zijnde referenties. Uit het computermodel blijkt dat de thermostaat van grote invloed is op het gewenste binnenklimaat. Veel thermostaten meten enkel de luchttemperatuur en regelen de installaties dus niet op basis van de operatieve temperatuur. Hierdoor slaan luchtverwarmingsinstallaties te snel af, terwijl vloer- en wandverwarming te laat afslaat. Bij een regeling op basis van de operatieve temperatuur is de opwarming bij vloerverwarming nog steeds traag ten opzichte van radiatoren, terwijl (lokaal opgewekte) wand- en luchtverwarming 15 tot 30% sneller verwarmt. Dit komt doordat de laatste twee de warmte direct afgeven aan het vertrek, terwijl de ‘zware’ installaties eerst een watervoerend pakket en andere massa moeten verwarmen. ‘Zware’ installaties kennen dan ook nog steeds meer overshoot en energiegebruik als gevolg daarvan. Luchtverwarming gebruikt meer energie, omdat deze een ventilator gebruikt. Elektrische wandverwarming kent vergelijkbare energetische prestaties als radiatoren. Een warmtepomp (WP) verbruikt de minste primaire energie, maar kent zo een laag vermogen dat ze continue aan moet staan voor een goede verwarming. Tevens hebben ventilatie-installaties als warmteterugwinning (WTW) en vraagsturing (VS) invloed op de opwarming en het energieverbruik. VS zorgt ervoor dat er voor dat er bij afwezigheid maar 10% warmte verloren gaat t.o.v. 30% bij WTW en warmt dus sneller op. WTW kent echter minder energieverbruik, omdat deze ook bij aanwezigheid functioneert en dan ook tot 70% van de warmte terugwint. Onderzoek naar gebruikerspatronen heeft opgeleverd dat het continue laten aanstaan van de verwarming in een goed geïsoleerd gebouw 10 tot 15 % meer energie kost. Het kost slechts 1% wanneer ook WTW wordt toegepast. Tenslotte blijkt voor de zomer van belang dat er warmere zomers bestaan dan waar de normen nu rekening mee houden en die dus regelmatig overschreden worden. Verder blijkt het vermogen van koeling ontzettend van belang, omdat temperatuuroverschrijding vaak met grote warmtelasten gepaard gaat. Men moet tevoren preventief koelen om aan de normen te voldoen. Als het koelvermogen dan ook nog gering is, zoals bij een WP het geval is, is het moment dat de WP aanvangt met koelen vaak al te laat. Daarbij blijkt elektrische koeling bij een hogere setpoint (dus niet preventief) vergelijkbare energetische en thermische prestaties te behalen als een WP-koeling. Een regeling op basis van de operatieve temperatuur kan 10 tot 20% energie besparen bij veel verwarmingsinstallaties. Het verdient aandacht om regelingen door te ontwikkelen en aan te passen. Elektrische installaties blijken een betere thermische prestatie te kunnen leveren voor de opwarming. In combinatie met aanwezigheidsdetectie kan het 10 tot 15% energie besparen te opzicht van andere verwarmingsinstallaties. Echter gezien het primaire energieverbruik van elektrische energie is het dan gunstiger om continue te verwarmen met bijv. aardgas of zelfs een WP, in combinatie met WTW, omdat dan helemaal niet meer opgewarmd hoeft te worden en dit slechts 1% meer energie kost. Voor koeling is er nog geen comfortabel alternatief voor handen. Verder verdient het aanbeveling om andere klimaatjaren als referentie te gebruiken.

The main focus of this research was on the heat flow (density) through a roof in summertime. The effect of different roof toppings and construction types on the heat flow are investigated. Both a field experiment as well as a model were set up, to acquire data and generate results. Central research question was: What difference does roofing material and insulation make on the heat transfer/flow through a roof? With the following sub questions: What is the amount of heat transferred through a roof in summer conditions? How can this heat transfer be modelled? Key parameters that determine the heat flow through a roof are the reflectivity of the roof top, the insulation value and the (thermal) mass of the roof construction. Literature reports that change of the albedo of roofing reduces roof top temperature, inner temperature and energy usage for cooling. The higher the insulation value of the roof, the less reduction in energy demand for cooling when a cool roof is installed. Planted roofs give similar results. The soil and leaf layer function as an extra insulation layer on the roof. Nevertheless, plants cannot replace traditional insulation. A field experiment was performed in the summer 2011 on four locations. On three locations the rooftops were black, while a part was covered with white roofing. The Rc-value and mass of the roofs differs. The last location concerns a green (or planted) roof. The difference in outer surface temperature between black and white roofing was at maximum 25°C, the average on warm summer days was 9°C. The outer surface temperature of the green roof was of the same value as white roofing. The heat flow (qin) through roofs covered with white roofing was lower than in case when black roofing was installed. The size of the difference (Δqin) depends on Rc-value and thermal mass of the roof construction. The peak in qin and Δqin were not measured exactly at the same time, but variance was not more than a hour. Due to insufficient data from the field experiment, the heat flow qin through a green (planted) roof was not determined. A model in CAPSOL is set up in order to gain results of the difference in heat flow through roofs covered with black and white roofing. Model and field experiment outcomes were in good agreement. In the model heat transfer coefficients αe and αi must be defined. It was found that a value of αe between 15-20 W/m2K give good results when compared to the field experiment. For αi a value between 5-9 W/m2K can be chosen, it doesn’t effect the model results of qin. White roofing (a=0,2) lowers the heat flow through a roof. With the model outcomes graphs are generated which give the relation between Rc-value and difference in heat flow (Δqin) between black (a=0,9) and white (a=0,2) roofing. This is executed for light roofs (wooden construction, 20-50 kg/m2) and heavy roofs (concrete construction, 300-400 kg/m2). Thermal mass influences the moment in time of the Δqin. It was found that the peak in Δqin for light roofs with an Rc< 4,5 m2K/W occurs during office hours. In case of a heavy roof the peak Δqin is around midnight. Finally the daily Heat Flow Factor is introduced. It gives the daily difference in heat flow between black and white roofing in percentage of the daily incoming solar radiation. This percentage is translated to values for Δqin on a mean Dutch summer day (Σqsun=7200 Wh/m2)

Recent years have witnessed the realization of multiple concrete curved surface structures. The often complex geometry of these structures led to new challenges in the final design and production phase: design of the reinforcement is one of these challenges. Current reinforcement modelling software is not capable of properly dealing with NURBS curves and surfaces. The absence of proper reinforcement tools for curved surface structures renders the structural engineer less effective in designing the reinforcement. This can lead to missing out on potential through ill-informed design decisions. The computational strategy proposed in this thesis provides a way of improving the design process of reinforcement in curved surface structures. It includes all necessary steps of raising an architectural curved surface model to production level in terms of reinforcement. Three design aspects have been distinguished: geometrical control, structural analysis, and production. Corresponding to these design aspects, three concepts have been developed: the SolidModel, FEM Analysis visualization and Rebar DNA which help to control them. The developed Reinforcement Toolbox supports the strategy by offering structural engineers a tool which can be used to control the design aspects of reinforcement in curved surface structures. It sets out to help remove the current split between draftsman and structural engineer by offering a design environment which offers the possibility to simultaneously model and verify reinforcement for curved surface structures. Functional requirements which emerged from the computational strategy formed important input for the developed architecture of the Reinforcement Toolbox. Use cases helped to identify different scenarios in which the software application is likely to be used. The system architecture of the Reinforcement Toolbox has been developed with strong attention to the multifaceted design process of reinforcement in curved surface structures. It builds on existing 3D modelling software, Rhinoceros and Grasshopper, by adding custom components. The Reinforcement Toolbox has been developed using Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 and written in C#. In accordance to the possibilities offered by this object oriented programming language, the Reinforcement Toolbox uses a collection of custom objects which can be considered the building blocks of the Toolbox. For the first version of the Reinforcement Toolbox several components have been developed. Together they offer the necessary functionality for a structural engineer or CAD draftsman to design longitudinal reinforcement groups and reinforcement meshes for curved surface structures. A first version of the Reinforcement Toolbox has been developed and tested. It can be applied to both complex curved surface structures as well as non-complex structures, making it a widely applicable design tool. Users can apply the Reinforcement Toolbox at their own discretion within any given stage of the reinforcement process either to quickly research different reinforcement design alternatives, or use it to build extensive reinforcement models. The parametric reinforcement models are easily adaptable to design changes, which makes them valuable throughout the entire reinforcement process. The Toolbox has been designed considering user friendliness, and freedom of use. The modular setup allows users to combine components at their own discretion allowing for the intended freedom when designing reinforcement. It has been demonstrated to a group of structural engineers, who recognize the potential it can bring to the reinforcement process, especially when its current functionality and scope will be expanded.

In dit rapport is het gebruik van de nieuwe innovatieve warmtewisselaars Fiwihex en Smart Skin in combinatie met warmteopslag bij individuele kaswoningen onderzocht. Door het combineren van deze warmtewisselaars, een kas en bodemopslag kan zonnewarmte worden gewonnen voor ruimteverwarming. In de zomer wordt de kasruimte met koud water gekoeld, waarbij het water opwarmt en wordt opgeslagen. In de winter wordt dit opgeslagen warme water gebruikt om de kas en de woning te verwarmen. Het water dat gebruikt wordt om de kas te verwarmen koelt af en kan in de zomer weer worden gebruikt om de kas te koelen. Hiermee herhaalt de cyclus zich. Op deze wijze moet het gebruik van fossiele brandstoffen voor ruimteverwarming worden teruggebracht. Het ontwerp voor de KlimaatPlusWoningen in Amsterdam is de aanleiding van dit onderzoek. Men wil dit systeem van warmtewinning toepassen om het gebruik van fossiele brandstoffen voor ruimteverwarming aanzienlijk terug te brengen. Door dit concept te combineren met opwekking van duurzame elektrische energie wil men woningen realiseren die netto elektrische energie produceren. Dit ontwerp is de aanleiding van dit onderzoek, dat zich richt op kaswoningen met Fiwihex en Smart Skin in het algemeen. Er is in dit rapport een formule afgeleid om het vermogen dat de Fiwihex levert te berekenen. Vergeleken met andere warmtewisselaars is de Fiwihex niet efficiënter. Wel is de verhouding tussen de hoeveelheid geleverde hulpenergie en het geleverde vermogen redelijk gunstig. Het geringe geluidsniveau, kostenoverwegingen en comfort kunnen redenen om toch te kiezen voor de Fiwihex. Deze aspecten zijn in dit rapport echter niet nader onderzocht. De Smart Skin is nog in ontwikkeling. Uit de beschikbare meetgegevens is het gedrag van de Smart Skin lastig te analyseren. Ook is het lastig om parameters af te leiden voor simulatie, de Smart Skin is dan ook niet opgenomen in de simulaties. De vermogens die dit systeem aan de ruimte levert zijn in de beschouwde meetsituatie behoorlijk. Ook de energie die wordt gewonnen door middel het water in de leidingen is substantieel. Het is lastig te bepalen hoe dit is op andere momenten. Wel moet opgemerkt worden dat de temperatuur van het water in de buisjes maar een beperkte invloedslengte heeft over het glas. De warmteoverdracht tussen het water en de lucht wordt effectiever als men de tussenafstand kleiner maakt. Het optreden van oppervlaktecondensatie op het glas is zeer waarschijnlijk. Als er geen warmtewisselaars in de kas worden ingezet worden er bij grote instraling relatief hoge temperaturen bereikt. In de winter kunnen de temperaturen relatief laag worden. Als warmtewisselaars in de kas worden geplaatst kan de kastemperatuur beter beheerst worden, toch blijven er in de onderzochte situatie incidentele pieken en dalen in de kastemperatuur. De periode dat de kas gebruikt kan worden als verblijfsruimte is beperkt. Uit analyse van de warmtestromen blijkt dat bij de uitgangspunten en aannames van dit onderzoek met twee warmtewisselaars in de kas kan worden voorzien in de warmtevraag van de woning. Het temperatuurverschil dat het water in de Fiwihex ondergaat is relatief klein. Als er meer warmtewisselaars worden ingezet wordt het temperatuurverschil kleiner.

Industrial buildings, used as warehouses or distribution centres, are characterized by large doors which are opened temporarily or for longer periods. A new technique - called Ambergy - is investigated which prevents unnecessary energy loss through open overhead doors in heated industrial halls. This technique consists of a smart coupling between the heating system and the overhead doors. By temporarily switching off gas-fired heaters near open doors, the heat loss through the door should be minimized. It is expected that the Ambergy system can contribute to energy savings, also when the indoor thermal comfort is taken into account. However, at the start of the research, the amount of energy which can be saved and the effect of the Ambergy system on the thermal comfort, was not known yet. If energy can be saved by using the Ambergy system, and the current thermal comfort level can be retained, many industrial buildings can benefit from this. This thesis aimed to get an insight in the energy saving effects of the Ambergy system and to determine its potential - technical - feasibility. To fulfil this aim, a literature study is performed to predict important physical aspects affecting the heat balance, to gain insight in air transport phenomena and to derive criteria to compare thermal comfort levels. By using the software packages Matlab and Simulink, these physical aspects and air flow phenomena are implemented in a thermal building-dynamics simulation. This simulation predicts effect of the Ambergy system on the air temperature across the hall and the fuel savings for different circumstances during a whole winter season. Assumptions made in the thermal building-dynamics simulation - regarding the air flow direction - are verified with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Furthermore, measurements are performed in one representative industrial hall (Alphatron, Rotterdam), to gain input data for both models and to validate the outcome. To make the system as optimal as possible and accepted by the employees, also the effect on the indoor thermal comfort is taken into account. A comparison between the current thermal comfort level and the expected thermal comfort level, when applying Ambergy, is performed by calculating the required insulation value of the clothing of the employees (IREQ-value). As part of this thesis, also requirements for pilot projects at business facilities of DHL and Alphatron - in ’s Hertogenbosch and Rotterdam respectively - are defined and these pilot projects were carried out during this thesis. Due to the confidential nature of this research and the embargo set by the TU Delft and BreedofBuilds B.V., no information can publicly be given regarding the results, conclusions and recommendations done in this research until August 2017.

The current building stock for offices is very large, and is too large for the demand out of the market. Currently there is a total vacancy of 14.1% in the Netherlands, which is equal to 6.795.000 m2 of office space. In Amsterdam there is a total of 700.000 m2 which is structurally vacant and is considered hopeless in terms of fulfilling its function. In order to maintain their European and Worldwide tourism position and fulfilling their wish for an “Amsterdam Topstad” Amsterdam needs around 7500 new hotel rooms until the year 2015. Bringing the vacant office supply together with the demand for hotels is the scope of the thesis. Transformation of current vacant office buildings in Amsterdam to hotels could be a solution to a number of vacant office buildings. Setbacks of transformation projects are the technical and financial feasibility. Technical feasibility includes the state and dimensions of the current structure. The financial feasibility includes the difference in building value between developer and owner and the financial insecurity of transformation projects. The Master thesis is the result of researching the supply of vacant office buildings in Amsterdam and brings that together with the demand for hotel rooms. This will be done in two parts, the first being a modular room solution and the second one being a calculation tool to compare vacant office buildings to each other in their potential to transform to a hotel. The first handed solution in order to bring the vacant office supply with the hotel demand together is the design of the modular rooms; timber frame rooms with a low weight and a fixed price that can benefit the transformation into a hotel. The building speed will increase, fewer handlings on the building site will benefit risk management and the fixed price of the units will take away financial insecurity of transformation projects. The downsides to the modular element method lie in the transport and assembly of the units and the fact that using this solution implies that the façade needs to be replaced is a large financial factor. The set sizes of the elements make the solution somewhat inflexible and sensitive to loss of space. The Transformation Performance Coefficient is a calculation tool that will bring the current state and location of the building together with the future demands of the hotel. By adding a score to each of the 69 characteristics a coefficient will result from the program that can be used to compare different buildings on their potential to transform to a hotel function. The downsides of the tool are that the tool needs a second layer of scoring making one characteristic (such as the location of the hotel) more important than the other (such as the floor height) that are now of the same importance and that the program doesn’t take connections between characteristics into account.

Die Herstellung von zweifach gebogenen Betonfertigteilen ist aufgrund der hohen Kosten und der begrenzten Wiederverwendbarkeit der eingesetzten Schalung oder Formen nach wie vor kostspielig. Das Ziel eines kürzlich an der Technischen Universität Delft angelaufenen PhDProjekts ist die Entwicklung eines Produktionsverfahrens ohne jene schwierigkeiten mittels mehrfachen Schalungseinsatzes. Außerdem soll durch eine flexible Anpassungsfähigkeit der Schalung an die entsprechende Formgebung eine Optimierung erzielt werden. Im Beitrag werden das Forschungsziel und die Verfahrensweise des PhD-Projekts beschrieben.

The manufacturing of double-curved precast concrete elements is still expensive, due to the high costs and limited possibilities for repetitive use of the moulds or formwork. The goal of the research described in this paper is to develop a production method that overcomes these difficulties by enabling the mould to be reused many times and by making the shape of the mould adjustable in a flexible way. First the paper gives an introduction of free-form architecture and the issues related to realizing complex geometry in concrete. Sequentially, the paper reports on the structural mechanics models that have been developed to accurately describe the behaviour of a flexible mould material. Finally laboratory experiments are reported, that are based on the concept of deforming an initially flat concrete element into a curved shape after a short initial hardening period. After this deformation process further hardening will take place in the final curved shape. The advantages of starting with an initial flat layer are that no contra-mould is needed, the element thickness can be controlled accurately and the casting process is relatively quick and simple.