· · · Institutional Repository

In this graduation report a research is done about the role of sustainability in urban renewal, the focus is here not at ecological measures, but at socially sustainable. The conclusion is that to reach a social sustainable neighbourhood the focus should be at mental ownership in the public space.

Talking about sustainability means often talking about ecological and economical sustainability. In urban renewal it is mostly about social sustainability. To realise social sustainability it is necessary to understand what people drives and how this can be created, mental ownership is in this research the base for social sustainability. Mental ownership is described and tested in practical cases.

In Nederland zijn steeds vaker private initiatieven voor het beheren en onderhouden van de publieke ruimte, zowel vanuit bewoners als vanuit commercieel perspectief. In de Verenigde Staten is dit concept al vanzelfsprekend. Is het mogelijk om dit concept ook in Nederland toe te passen? Welke juridische instrumenten maken dit mogelijk? Een inventariserend onderzoek naar de (on)mogelijkheden op het gebied van private (her)ontwikkeling en beheer van de publieke ruimte.

Inner city railway yards disrupt the urban functioning of inner city areas and these inner city railway yards do not exploit the full development potential of these inner city areas. To solve this problem the following main question needs to be answered: “Which transformation possibilities give a feasible result for the transformation of inner city railway yards into multifunctional inner city living areas?” In order to answer the main research question three end products are created: 1. A calculation tool specific for railway areas based on feasibility to support the decision making on the transformation of inner city railway yards; 2. A method to create a transformation variant for inner city railway yards which gives the best result on the feasibility. The calculation tool is used to generate this product; 3. An overview of feasibility factors, which are factors influencing the feasibility of the transformation of inner city railway yards into multifunctional living areas. The developed calculation tool and the method are used to create this overview. A railway yard, in this research, indicates a complex series of railway tracks for storing, sorting and loading or unloading, railway cars and locomotives which can be moved form an inner city location into the periphery, because it lost its function. When transforming railway yards, NS Poort is most likely to be involved, because of the relation between NS Poort and ProRail. NS Poort has the first right of refusal on land of ProRail. This way NS Poort is the largest land owner in these areas. In order to create the calculation tool which can be used for judging the feasibility of the transformation of rail way yard areas, theory is studied. Based on this theory RICARDO is chosen as the base of the calculation tool, because it complies with most of the demand set for the calculation tool. But RICARDO needs to be adjusted in three ways in order to be adjusted to the characteristics of these transformations. First, the design part of RICARDO is adjusted to environmental regulations. The design part has to offer the opportunity to enter the regulations which have a significant influence, regulations on sound and external safety. Second, the calculation part is replaced in order to adjust the tool to the two characteristics of this special type of urban area development, time and high land development cost. Third, the output of the tool is adjusted to give a clear image of the financial as well as the qualitative feasibility the variant delivers. Therefore, the output has to be able to judge the following feasibility indicators: 1. Financial feasibility: The Main variant has to be as financial feasible as possible; 2. Urban type: The Main variant has to have a urban type like the reference railway area; 3. Green: The Main variant has to be as green as a the reference railway areas; 4. Parking: The Main variant has to have a parking ratio matching the reference railway areas; 5. Function mix: The Main variant has to be a multifunctional living area. The first end product, the developed calculation tool consists of two parts, a design part and a calculation part. The output of the design part is the input for the calculation part. The tool needs to be filled with input. The input of the tool consists of data and variables. The output of a calculation is as reliable as the less reliable input. To increase the reliability of the output of the tool an expert team is included, which performs a final check on the input. The design part of RICARDO is adjusted in a way that environmental data creates zones indicating the developable area, the areas with extra costs and the area with a lost of design flexibility, as well as a maximum density. In order to implement the influence of these zones in the tool the overlap of a zone with the design, entered on a map using real estate variables, is calculated. The output of the design part is the amount of Gross Floor Area (GFA) per function and the effects of the different zones on this GFA. Second, the calculation part of RICARDO is replaced with a new developed calculation part. The land value will be the base of the calculation part. The financial feasibility is calculated as the balance between the residual land value and a value based land value. The most important difference is the calculation of the real estate value using an NPV-method, in order to implement time. The calculation part calculates the feasibility based on the output of the design part and the operational data. Third, in order to be able to judge next to the financial, the qualitative feasibility the output of the tool is adjusted. The tool is adjusted in a way that the output of the tool can indicate the qualitative feasibility indicators, using indexes and ratios. The Spacemate program is used to give an overview of the urban type. The research shows that these three adjustments of the tool have a significant added value. The second end product, the method to create a feasible transformation variant is developed using a variant study on the location Zutphen. The method gives a description of the actions that need to be taken to create a feasible Main variant using the developed calculation tool. In the variant study three sub variants are used to determine the characteristics of the Main variant. These three sub variants cover a functional range from a social variant to a profit variant. Based on the strengths of these three sub variants a feasible Main variant was developed. A scenario analysis shows that the Main variant is durable. Also this variant study of Zutphen led to an overview of feasibility factors, the third end product. Conclusions are drawn on the influence of the real estate variables on the financial and qualitative feasibility of the variants. In general the feasibility is influenced by the real estate function. The urban type is also influenced by the building height. But, different real estate types create contradicting results on the financial and qualitative feasibility. To achieve an optimal and feasible Main variant, it was concluded that the function mix is the most important variable. Next, the general applicability of the developed calculation tool and the method is tested on two other locations, Amersfoort and Nijmegen. On these two locations, a Main variant was created using the developed calculation tool and the method. The research concludes that the developed tool needs to be adjusted in order to calculate the overlap between the environmental zones which restrict the development of residential real estate. The method also needs to be adjusted for this overlap. Further, the input of the railway infrastructure in the method has to be changed and a check of the Main variant with the market research needs to be added. With these adjustments the calculation tool and the method are general applicable. The applicability check also led to another feasibility factor: the ratio between the railway yard and the development area. This was also tested. In the research it was concluded that a decrease of the ratio between the railway yard and the development area increases the feasibility of the land development. The conclusions of the research are: 1. The developed calculation tool, the method and the feasibility factors can be used to create a feasible variant; 2. The calculation tool and the method can be seen a general applicable; 3. The adjustments to the tool for the specific characteristics have a significant added value: a. The implementation of environmental regulations in the design part has a significant effect on the design; b. The implementation of a NPV-method to calculate the real estate value in the calculation part offers the best opportunity to implement time in the real estate value; 4. The adjustment of the output of the tool creates the ability to judge the feasibility, which in this research is indicated as a balance between financial and qualitative feasibility: a. Financial feasibility is defined as the balance between the residual land value and a value based land value; b. Qualitative feasibility is defined using demand on the urban type, green, parking and function mix and is judged using indexes and ratios; 5. There are two important factors influencing the feasibility: a. The function mix is the most important real estate variable influencing the feasibility, because the function mix creates a balance between the contradicting effects of the other real estate variables; b. Decreasing the ratio between the railway yard and the development area increases the feasibility. Base on these conclusions some recommendation can be made: 1. The ratio between the railway yard and development area needs further research. 2. The link between the presence of a living area close to the railway station and the amount of railway passenger on this railway areas needs further research; 3. The interface of the tool needs professionalization if the tool will be used in a professional context; 4. The insights on qualitative feasibility can be optimized by increasing the amount of reference projects for the qualitative feasibility; 5. Increase the reference database in Spacemate to make more specific references on the urban type.

Afstudeeronderzoek waarbij de problematiek rondom de implementatie ervan in gebiedsontwikkeling, wordt benaderd met theorie over branding. Inzichtelijk is geworden wat de invloed van de tijd op de ontwikkeling van duurzaamheid is geweest. Er is daarbij dynamische strategie ontworpen, die een toekomstige gebiedsontwikkeling abstracte aangrijpingspunten voor het proces verleent om tot een optimaal duurzaam resultaat te komen.

Since the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, where the Dutch Olympians won a record amount of Olympic medals, the Olympic Dream has yet again awoken in the Netherlands. The dream to stage the Olympic once again, exactly 100 years after the first and only Olympiad in the Netherlands, was aimed at 2028. So why would the Netherlands want to host such an event? And how show they tackle the assignment? After the Olympiad in Athens in 2004, the Dutch Olympic dream had gained enough support to establish a concrete movement. This was done by establishing the ‘Alliantie’, a collaboration between the Dutch Olympic Committee, the NOC*NSF, the national government, the provincial government and the municipalities of the four largest cities in the Netherlands. The ‘Alliantie’ were to lead the exploratory studies of the Olympic assignment in the Netherlands. This finally led to the ‘Olympisch Plan 2028’, a report which included the ambitions, challenges, strategies and future circumstances of the potential Olympic assignment in the Netherlands. Eight ambitions were distinguished, of which the ambition that will have the most dominant stamp in the Netherlands, is the spatial ambition. In this ambition branch the ‘Alliantie’ initiated a single workshop study in order to explore the spatial assignment the Olympics would impose in the Netherlands. This study provided the basic framework and information for numerous studies to follow. One of which is the study Deloitte and NIROV have conducted on the Dutch stakeholders’ willingness to invest in Olympic developments. This is where this research comes into play; how did former host cities tackle the Olympic assignment? First of all, a superficial scan was made of former hosts and Olympic researches. Quickly the conclusion was reached that the Olympic developments in a city do not always bring the supposed successes and increase in quality. In many cases the Olympic developments were not used, under used of not used correctly. This created so called ‘white elephants’, large venues and facilities that cost more money than they provide, which inevitably lead to high debts. Major international cities like Melbourne, Montreal, Sydney and Athens, were not able to coop with the developments after the Olympic circus had left town. So how could a small nation like the Netherlands be successful were other great nations and cities could not? Thus the second problem can be distinguished; how to fit the Olympic assignment in the Netherlands, especially the building left behind, the legacy. Therefore the following problem statement was made: Due to the lack of sufficient attention to the long-term objectives for the post- Olympic real estate, undesired ‘white elephants’ arise from the Olympic real estate legacy in the former host cities. What is legacy exactly, and how is it created? These question were the next step in identifying the problem. Legacy can be identified in two categories, tangible or hard legacy, and intangible or soft legacy. Soft legacy can be described as the values, the knowledge, the memories and the general Olympic thought the Olympiad provides the host city. Hard legacy is the architecture, the infrastructure and the economic impact the Olympics leave behind. However a conference held in 2003 discussing the term legacy and what role it can play in Olympic cities, came to the conclusion that legacy is multidisciplinary and dynamic and is affected by a variety of local and global factors’. Therefore legacy creation is unique is every single city and location, and it is thus difficult to make a general definition. The Olympic development process plays an important role in answering the question on how legacy is created. The process consists of three phases; the initiatory and bidding phase, theorganisation and realisation phase and the post-Olympic phase. How does legacy creation fit into this process? To answer the latter question, a conceptual model was made on what influences legacy. Indirectly the before distinguished local factors play a significant role. The traditional planning culture of a nation, region or city determines the possibilities and opportunities of Olympic developments. Directly, the used development structure that is used to accomplish the Olympic assignment, plays an even larger role, as it includes all the pieces of the puzzle that are needed for the creation of the Olympic developments. The aspects that have been identified to the development structure are the initiative, objectives, stakeholders, organisational structure, budget, financial structure and the interferences. In addition the consequences, i.e. legacy, of the compilation of these different aspects is also of importance to learn lessons from former Olympic host cities. In turn, within the development structure aspects a division can be made between characteristics on four different sustainable development ambition levels; the governance, social , spatial and economical level. The objectives, strategies and legacies all have different perspectives which include all the different levels. This entire process then produced the following research question; Which development structure1 has the greatest potential concerning legacy1 for an edition of the Olympic Games in the Netherlands in 2028?

In this report the traditional top-down approach for spatial planning in the Netherlands has been brought up for discussion. On the basis of the decision-making process concerning the organization of the Dutch Olympic Games of 2028, the foundations for a new way of spatial planning is elaborated. That new way of spatial planning is termed the Dutch Olympic approach, wherein both national (top-down) as urban interests (bottom-up) are considered simultaneously. With the elaboration of the Dutch Olympic approach, the improvement and acceleration of the decision-making process in the initiative phase of the Dutch Olympic UAD process has been purposed, which should be facilitated through the design of decision support instruments for multiple Olympic urban decision arenas.

Onderzoek naar hoe gemeenten in een regio, aan de hand van de landelijk geformuleerde aanbevelingen, een regiospecifieke uitwerking kunnen geven aan regionale samenwerking bij (her)ontwikkeling van bedrijventerreinen

Research into the preferences of end-users (consumers) regarding several real estate programs on inner-city train station areas.

This research sets out to study the leadership styles that public development authorities adopt in the process from initiation to realization of strategic projects. In a broad sense the aim of this study is to gain a better understanding in how urban planners convert a vision to delivery of it. In this study the transformation will be referred to as the process of realizing strategic projects. This study focuses on the urban planning authority responsible for executing strategic projects, taking into account the increase of development complexity in recent decades. In a narrower sense the leadership style - also referred to as attitude or role - of the public development authority is assessed. The aim is to get an understanding of how public leadership styles affect the realization of a strategic project. The research question is: How can public leadership affect the realization of strategic projects in urban development? The motivation for this study is the increase of the dynamics and the unpredictable nature of the market environment in which cities act. Neoliberal concepts have changed the urban planning profession over the past 20 years to the extent it is no longer possible to claim that it is founded on the assumption that “only rationally acting individual actors operate in the urban development arena”. As a result the development of the urban environment has become increasingly complex. An increase of specialized actors (professionalization), changing circumstances (policy, law, economics, and environment), financing constraints and mixed interests (inter and multi-organizational interests) result in a decrease of steering possibilities by urban professionals. Healey (2006) confirms this as she states ‘the development of urban areas [...] cannot be “planned” by government action in a linear way, from intention to plan, to action, to outcome as planned.’ The transforming urban conditions have resulted in a changing role for urban planners in realizing their spatial aspirations. Collaboration and participation with community and market stakeholders have become more important. It is therefore interesting to identify the leadership styles of urban development authorities.

In the coming decades, the attention paid to urban area development will increasingly be focused on suburban area locations. These inner city redevelopments are increasingly made up of property development and infrastructure development. The enormous size of these projects makes this form of development extra complex. Because of the large scope of the projects and the increasing number of actors that is participating in these projects, this will result in a longer development process. If one takes a closer look at these projects, one can see that the projects are often cumbersome and difficult adaptable to changes in the process environment. The tight schedules often used in current and past processes, that describe the process from start to finish, will no longer be able function adequately. Holding on to a fixed image in the future, can mean that the property program will not match the future demand on the moment of delivery. Is flexibility the key to succes?

Ongeveer een derde deel van de bedrijventerreinen in Nederland wordt beoordeeld als verouderd. Deze beoordeling vindt meestal plaats op basis van gemeentelijke ambities. Binnen dit onderzoek ligt de focus op het beoordelen van bedrijventerreinen op basis van de ambitie van ondernemers. Hierdoor wordt duidelijk hoe ondernemers bedrijventerreinen beoordelen en deze resultaten kunnen worden gebruikt om in te spelen op de vraag naar bedrijventerreinen.

The development process between spatial planning and spatial development is characterized by a high degree of complexity. A multitude of actors are involved in the process with different interests. In spatial planning documents objectives are defined by public institutions designed to influence spatial development. During the process actual events occur that could affect the formulated objectives. The main objective of this study is to investigate and visualize this process. In theory is pronounced that there is a gap or mismatch between spatial plans and actual developments. This gap is seen as a constant given in the theory of planning. This phenomenon is reinforced by top-down spatial planning that formulate objectives which are prepared by municipal institutions. While practice shows that bottom-up spatial plans are influenced by private parties in day to day business. The need, as sought in this study, for empirical studies on policy and decision-making processes is known in the scientific domain. Many publications of scientists in the field of spatial policy and decision-making processes, general management concepts are defined which are not focused on a specific empirical field. This study focuses on the factors that determine the difficult relationship between the spatial planning process (plans) and the urban area development process (reality). The case study in this research is the urban area development of Rotterdam Central Station, with particularly the development of the public space of Kruisplein and the Kruisplein parking garage. The empirical research shows that planning objectives in practice often are not realised in reality. On the one hand that has to do with the fact that the development process actually turns out to be nonlinear. On the other hand, targets are often not based on rational assumptions due to the nonlinear nature of procedures regarding the development and because many actors with diverse interests are involved. So there is a mismatch in the relationship between plans and reality. Presentatie/presentation: http://prezi.com/agzix6zlit8o/p5-presentatie-110621/

Financial feasibility study of urban development in lowland polders in the Netherlands, where different spatial designs are evaluated for the Westergouwe. In the near future, the competing demand for new housing and water storage in the Randstad have to be met, whilst guaranteeing the safety against rising sea level and extreme weather conditions.

A transforming world The world is transforming as geographical locations are becoming less important as communication and transport facilities are expanding their domains, becoming increasingly efficient. The trend is clear; nations are opening their doors for people, trade, and knowledge in order to get involved in the world economy. We are now confronted with the phenomenon of globalization and Global Cities. London, New York, and Tokyo are examples of such cities as they represent a strategic space where global processes materialize in national territories and global dynamics run through national institutional arrangements. (Sassen, 2001) But the main question arises how African cities cope and what the (dis)advantages are for countries that is not participating in the global network (yet). One of the means for a city to position itself is through a mega event. A Global Event; the 2010 FIFA World Cup The Olympics, the FIFA World Cup, the World Expo, Rugby World Cup are famous events. As spectators we usually experience these events powerfully as our nationalistic pride gets put to the test. We watch proudly how our warriors reach the battlefields and subsequently win international recognition or lose their national honor. These events warrant the title of a ‘Mega Event’, a large-scale event with a high profile and global publicity. A mega event, also known as the ‘hallmark event’, is officially defined by Ritchie: “Major one-time or recurring events of limited duration, developed primarily to enhance the awareness, appeal and profitability of a tourism destination in the short and/or long term. Such events rely for their success on uniqueness, status, or timely significance to create interest and attract attention” (Ritchie, 1984). In 2004 South Africa won the bid and was granted the opportunity to host the 2010 Federations Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World CupTM. This was celebrated throughout South Africa and the African continent. There is a common belief that a mega event gives the host endless benefits and opportunities. Of course, this can be true, but the risks are often underestimated. To summarize, a Mega Event like the FIFA World Cup, brings new features to a hosting city; worldwide publicity, a stadium, infrastructure, accommodation, public spaces, upgrades of neighbourhoods, visitors, and therefore a great deal of business. However, when the event is over, the host city/region is left with infrastructure built to transport millions of travellers, a venue built to host thousands of spectators, and accommodations meant to house thousands of visitors. The new structures are often oversized or do not fit in the wider urban context of the host cities leaving them unused after the event, making them white elephants. Therefore the question is what the impact was of the global event, the 2010 FIFA World Cup, on the host city Cape Town. How did Cape Town develop its strategies in the preparation phase and how were the strategies realized? Problem Statement The legacy of the 2010 FIFA World Cup (2010 FWC) has not been effectively used to ensure a continuation of the developments created by World Cup and enhance the host city’s global position. Main research question What urban strategy should a host city of the FIFA World Cup in South Africa execute in order to trigger further developments and gain full benefits of the legacy of the FIFA World Cup 2010?

The Olympic host cities have been facing difficulties with the post-use of the legacy of the Olympic Games. When organizing the Games, big plans for the city arise and during the event, the city shows its beautiful venues. However, after the Games the venues remain empty and unused. The post-Olympic period offers too little demand for the created venues and public space. During the years, the legacy of the Games has become more and more important and host cities are planning their legacy from the initiative phase on. However ‘white elephants’ still occur. Just planning the legacy does not seem to be enough. The mega-event strategy should be connected with the long-term perspectives of the host city’s urban regeneration plan. The master thesis is to investigate how the aspects of post-use creation are implemented on building level and to what extent the mega-event strategy of the Olympic host city influences this implementation. These aspects of post-use creation are at city, area and building level and contain the; urban planning, stakeholders, social costs & benefits, mobility, program, routing, catchment area, organization, adjustability, architectural value and function factor. The research methods used in this master thesis are a literature study, the case study method and a cross-case analysis. The cases of Barcelona, Athens and Beijing are investigated on the aspects of post-use creation and the cross-case analysis has provided lesson learned of these cases. These lesson learned form the basis of the theoretical guidelines to enlarge the chance of post-use creation on building level, which is the end-result of this thesis. Important is the integration of the aspects of post-use creation in the mega-event strategy, connecting it with the long-term perspectives of the urban regeneration plan of the host city. Especially the aspects of urban planning, program and adjustability are of great influence on enlarging the chance of post-use.

De toekomstige demografische ontwikkelingen in het landelijk gebied zijn steeds onzekerder geworden. Maar gemeenten houden vast aan oude gewoontes en geloof in groei. Het lijkt alsof gemeenten geen beeld hebben van de effecten van hun huidig beleid, zowel nu als in de toekomst en de mogelijke problemen die hierdoor veroorzaakt kunnen worden. Gemeenten durven niet ver vooruit te kijken en daarbij een richting te kiezen waar ze vervolgens met overtuiging naar toe kunnen sturen. Waarschijnlijk omdat ze niet weten wat de juiste richting zal zijn. Dit onderzoek probeert helderheid te bieden over wat wel de juiste richting is en hoe deze eruit ziet. Door alle mogelijke toekomstscenario’s uit te werken is duidelijk gemaakt wat er allemaal te verwachten is. Daarnaast is er uitgewerkt welke strategieën een gemeente kan hanteren en hoe deze strategieën er dan uit kunnen zien. Hierdoor werd het mogelijk om combinaties te maken van verschillende scenario’s en strategieën om zo te zien hoe die combinaties wel of niet functioneren en belangrijker, waarom ze zo functioneren. Het streven van dit onderzoek is daarom het creëren van duidelijkheid over de effecten van verschillende beleidskeuzes in verschillende scenario’s om zo beleidsmakers een houvast te geven bij toekomstige beleidsbeslissingen. Dit is uiteindelijk bereikt door een drietal mogelijkheden uit te werken in een hoog, laag en ongewijzigd scenario en deze te confronteren met de strategieën van het tegengaan van krimp, het faciliteren van krimp en het sturen op een transitie. Hieruit blijkt dat de beleidsstrategie die het beste aansluit op de mogelijke toekomst scenario’s een sterk strategisch reactievermogen heeft en zich richt op de succesfactoren uit de strategie van het sturen op transitie.

Dit onderzoek is gestart vanuit de ambitie om een bijdrage te leveren aan een andere manier van gebiedsontwikkeling, om antwoord te geven op de recente kanteling van de woningmarkt en het klantgericht ontwikkelen. De rol van de ontwikkelaar is onzeker geworden en zijn focus is verschoven naar de afzetmarkt. Nu de klant het meer voor het zeggen heeft, wordt het belangrijker om marktkennis vroeg in het ontwikkelingsproces te betrekken. De nieuwe ontwikkelaar moet zelf de consument verleiden en met nieuwe producten komen. Het betekent ook een actievere rol voor de eindgebruiker; ook hij moet een prominentere plaats aan de voorkant van het proces krijgen. Met dit onderzoek is gekeken hoe die betrokkenheid van de eindgebruiker vorm gegeven kan worden, zonder dat de ontwikkelaar buiten spel wordt gezet. Vandaar ook dat er gezocht is naar de manier waarop eindgebruikerparticipatie als commercieel marketinginstrument ingezet kan worden, met de nadruk op commercieel: om de woningen beter verkoopbaar te maken en zo het afzetrisico voor de ontwikkelaar te verkleinen. Op basis van literatuuronderzoek is een theorie ontwikkeld. De theorie bestaat uit drie modellen, die van elkaar verschillen in degene die participeert in het proces: expert, representatieve vertegenwoordiger en de eindgebruiker zelf. Middels case studieonderzoek is de theorie verrijkt, met onder andere de toepassingsvoorwaarden van de modellen. Ten slotte is de theorie getoetst door middel van diepte-interviews met experts.