· · · Institutional Repository

Onderzoek in opdracht van het ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer

Deze bundel bevat de bijdragen, gepresenteerd op het Symposium GOEDERENVERVOER IN EUROPEES PERSPECTIEF, dat op 25 maart 1992 door de Vakgroep Verkeer van de Faculteit der Civiele Techniek van de TechnischeUniversiteit Delft is georganiseerd. Doel van dit Symposium is het presenteren en ter discussie stellen van onderzoekresultaten die bijdragen tot de verbetering van de kwaliteit van de verkeersafwikkeling en de betrouwbaarheid van de dienstverlening en tot optimalisering van het gebruik van de infrastructuur. De in de bundel opgenomen bijdragen hebben als gezamenlijk thema "Goederenvervoer" en zijn afkomstig van: - de Vakgroep Informatiesystemen van de Faculteit der Technische Wiskunde en Informatica - de Vakgroep Waterbouwkunde van.de Faculteit der Civiele Techniek - de Sectie Transportkunde van de Faculteit der Werktuigbouwkunde en Maritieme Techniek - de Vakgroep Technische Bestuurskunde van de Faculteit der Civiele Techniek - de Vakgroep Verkeer van de Faculteit der Civiele Techniek

Europa, the smallest of the Galilean satellites, is characterized by a young water-ice surface showing a rich structure of cracks, ridges and chaotic terrain. Below the ice shell a subsurface water-ocean might exist, which in Europa’s case would be in direct contact with the silicate mantle. This direct contact is important from an astrobiological perspective, as living organisms might have developed at places where a hot part of the mantle contacts the ocean. As a consequence, many scientists consider Europa as the planetary body with the largest probability to harbor life within our solar system. It is therefore of utmost importance to find out whether a subsurface ocean exists underneath the ice shell. One plausible method to determine the existence of an ocean is based on the measurement of the radial deformation induced by the eccentricity-tide acting on Europa. If an ocean is present in the interior, the radial deformation at the surface will be one to two orders of magnitude larger than in the case that an ocean is absent. Such a large difference in deformation can be detected from measurements performed by a dedicated orbiter. As a result, a mission to the Jovian system would be required. An alternative method to determine whether there is a subsurface ocean underneath the ice shell is based on establishing a connection between the shape of the lineaments observed on the surface and the acting stress fields. Stresses at the surface might be induced by several different mechanisms, from which only the two most important will be analyzed in this research: the eccentricity-tide acting on Europa and non-synchronous rotation (NSR) of the ice shell. The first mechanism, i.e. the eccentricity-tide, induces a highly variable stress field that explains the formation of cycloidal features even without taking into account NSR stresses. The second mechanism, i.e. NSR, induces a nearly static stress field that explains the formation of slightly-curved or global lineaments. As both types of lineaments exist on Europa’s surface, the strength of NSR stresses should have changed throughout the geological history of Europa. Such a change can be driven by a variable rate of non-synchronous rotation, which can be the result of thickness variations in the ice shell. One important result obtained in this research is that tensile stresses at the surface of models without a subsurface ocean are too small to originate a crack at the surface if NSR is not taken into account. If NSR stresses are added to the modeling of the stress field, tensile stresses only become large enough to break ice when the stress field is practically static. As a result, the existence of cycloidal features strongly suggests the existence of a subsurface ocean underneath the ice shell of Europa.

Onderzoek in opdracht van het ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer.

Onderzoek in opdracht van het ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer.

This volume is based on a selection of papers originally presented at a research conference held 15-19 August 1992 to coincide with the National Housing Fair - "Bo 92" - in Örebro, Sweden. The fair was concentrated on a neighborhood with a newly built housing estate including multi-family housing blocks of different tenures: private, cooperative, and social rented housing. With the reputation of being a forerunner of good multi-family housing, Örebro's showcase estate attracted lively attention as a possible continuation of this record. However, as shown by the introductory chapter, the aim of the research conference was broader than indicated by its spectacular framework. By illuminating crucial dimensions of social rented housing and involving experienced scholars from different countries, it was hoped that the conference would contribute to both the academic and the political debate on the future of social rented housing in Europe. Reflecting the multidisciplinary approach of the conference, the sponsors represent a broad spectrum of interests: the National Association of Housing Companies (SABO), the National Housing Fair B092 AB (Bomässan B092) , the Swedish Federation of Tenants' Associations (Hyresgästernas Riksförbund), the SwedishCouncil for Building Research (Byggforskningsrädet) , and the Swedish Federation of Property Owners (Fastighetsägarförbundet). Maybe this constellation ofpartly mutual, partly conflicting interests in housing also indicates something of the renowned Swedish model of welfare state policy, cautiously maneuvering between the Scylla of state socialism and the Charybdis of neo-classical liberalism.

In dit boek worden de bouwregelgeving, de vergunningsprocedures en het bouwtoezicht van het Verenigd Koninkrijk, Duitsland, Frankrijk, België, Denemarken, Noorwegen en Zweden vergeleken. Deze vergelijking heeft aanknopingspunten opgeleverd voor verdere deregulering en vereenvoudiging van de Nederlandse bouwregelgeving.