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Background Longitudinal field studies are crucial in capturing the dynamics between the interaction with innovative products or services and the evoked experiences on users. The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) is a method originated from psychology and shows potential to use for capturing experiences in design research. The ESM captures user experiences in situ and for long periods of time. However, one drawback of this method is that much effort is asked from the participant. The frequent and often repetitive questions cause annoyance, burden, boredom and ultimately a negative experience. This project is done to find a way to motivate people to participate in an ESM study and to keep them motivated. Based on literature on motivation and existing motivational theories, an understanding is the concept of motivation is clarified and aspects that influence human motivation for certain tasks are outlined. In an exploratory study an analysis is done on motivation in practice. As a result of literature and the explorations, 5 motivation factors are identified: Fun, Benefit, Control, Social, and Coach. These motivation aspects and the accompanying opportunities functions as an analysis tool that helps to structure the design activities. Furthermore 4 stages within an ESM are identified: Reminder, Answering, Contributing, and Feedback. Action From here the projects continuous by focusing on the ESM in projects for Social Connectedness and elderly. The design space narrowed as follows: the design of the full toolkit of the ESM that covers all the stages, but the focus is on motivating the participants by adding a benefit, fun and control in the extra step of ‘Contributing’. Two concepts are developed and tested which provide insights in the effects of different opportunities within the motivation aspects. Reflection The conclusions from the two tested concepts lead to a final concept for the ESM in the Family Connector study; the Memo(t)ry, growing your personal story. This concept exists of an piece of artwork that the participants can grow. It exists of a tree that serves as a decoration in the house. By answering questions in the ESM the participant can grow leaves, flowerbud, flowers and fruits on the tree. The Memo(t)ry reflects the progress in the research, but besides that it is an artwork with a personal story. Because participants are making their own artwork with this tree, the focus of the research is shifted from stress caused by the research to enjoyment of making an artwork. In terms of fun aspects, benefit aspects and control aspects, it is possible to make an ESM research enjoyable. Based on the major insight of shifting the focus from stress to enjoyment, guidelines are developed that can be used by designers when setting up an ESM study with elderly. The main purpose of the guidelines is shifting the focus, and a number of ways are provided to do that. The guidelines include: Prompting Fun - Attract the attention in a fun way, by creating curiosity - Invite for a simple, but fun challenge - Consider the form of the prompt, choose something fun Control 7 - Prompt the participant first; then give him the control - Use the option to self report as the stationary position to provide freedom - Link the research topic/product to the ESM, to avoid a lack of clarity Answering Fun - Directly reward the participant for answering the question by provide a surprise - Keep triggering the participant, by providing variety Control - Provide familiar material, to give the feeling of having power Contributing Benefit - Let the participant make an end to each question, by offering a way to contribute his answers - Let the participant grow his own artwork - Show the progress of the research in a beneficial way - Personalize the artwork to offer personal reflection

Hangar 36 is part of the Bink 36 complex that is owned by Vestia. Some entrepreneurs see the potential of a group of multi-disciplined, talented and creative entrepreneurs in one location and are interested in structurally benefit from this potential. Every company in Hangar 36 is successful in its own market, but initiating and participating in collaborative projects lost its relevance to most of the entrepreneurs. This project investigates the possibilities for Hangar 36 and answers the question: How can the entrepreneurs in Hangar 36 structurally benefit from their presence in a spatial cluster which is shared by a group of multi-disciplinary, talented and creative entrepreneurs? First an analysis is performed that investigated theory on the origin of spatial clusters, collaborative entrepreneurship (Ribeiro-Soriano & Urbano, 2009) and communities of practice (Akkermans, Petter & de Laat, 2008; Wenger, 1998). It was found that relevance towards collaboration and a sense of belonging to the group are two very important aspects that have to receive enough attention before thinking about coordination and organization. This is described as engaging in meaningful and shared activities (Akkermans et al., 2008). The current situation in Hangar 36 was analyzed by interviewing every entrepreneur on a number of topics. It was found that collaboration was considered important, but past attempts were considered irrelevant by a number of entrepreneurs after a while. A number of examples of collaborative clusters have been visited. The two factors that found to influence the difference in collaborative activity within a spatial cluster the most are the clusters’ primary goals and the level of management within the cluster. This results in the classification of four types of clusters: Facilitator, Incubator, Collective and Accumulator. It was found that the original intention from Hangar 36 did not thrive because it tried to fit too many different categories at the same time. In the current situation Hangar 36 is classified as an accumulator. The visited examples served as a source of inspiration for opportunities for Hangar 36. A set of criteria is composed from the strengths and bottlenecks found in the interviews. Combining these criteria transforms these opportunities into 5 diverging concept directions. The concepts were presented to the entrepreneurs during a lunch session that included a group discussion with the purpose to find out which aspects are perceived as relevant in terms of collaboration. The outcome of the discussion was converged and summarized in the following mentality. Hangar 36 should be an engine for the participating businesses. Potential clients should know the name, and the location should attract clients as well. Any activity that distracts too much from executing core business activities is not appreciated at this point. This mentality was the starting point for diverging into a second round of idea generation. The mentality is transformed in two separate questions. The ideas take the set of criteria that have been derived earlier into account and were designed to be practical, implementable and affordable on a small budget. The second gathering was in the form of a creative session. The entrepreneurs picked their favorite ideas and supplemented and improved them. Furthermore, they have identified the required tasks for implementation and the steps that contain these tasks. The ideas were accommodated with a catchy title by the entrepreneurs and presented to each other. A roadmap describes how this project could have an impact on the further development of Hangar 36 on an abstract level, by cycling through the dimensions of communities of practice (as defined by Wenger, 1998). The ideas from the second session were digitalized and combined in the form of an idea catalog. The digital versions of the ideas are also contained in this report. The catalog was printed and presented to Hangar 36 as a means to physically take the ideas to the next meetings.

Implementing biobased disposables for the festival Lowlands is the basis for this project. Making use of biobased disposables offers specific waste processing purposes. A collecting system of waste at a festival works best for a situation where visitors cooperate within the complete waste system. For Lowlands litter behaviour is questioned. Motivation for collecting is aimed for research within this project: What motivates Lowlands festival visitors for collection of biobased disposable waste? A new user experience for collecting disposables was the result consisting of a so called `baldadige bal` Lowlands activity together with a `cup cult`. Sustainable aspects of the implementation of biobased disposables is not the motivation approach. The proposed motivation concept is based on the motivation found for Lowlands activities together with cup elements for increasing cup value perception. A Lowlands activity for collecting cups was tested and found motivating for collecting; a large inflatable ball. Cup elements were tested for increasing value for cups to increase involvement and aim for preventing litter behaviour. `motivate visitors through values of the context their mind is set to; the new sustainable behaviour?`

This graduation report describes the process towards the development of a framework for designers of online platforms. The framework provides the designers with structure and insights for applying alternative tools within online platforms to enhance the effectiveness. Delft University of Technology and the company Favela Fabric in Amsterdam commission the project. Favela Fabric is a social business consultant specialized in designing online platforms, more specific in the design of meaningful content within online platforms to create mass dialogue. The focus in this project is on online platforms that enable companies to communicate with their customers.

Starting with the research question -Why are individuals at professional services firms motivated or inhibited to share knowledge? This case study gives an elaborate picture of the knowledge sharing behaviors and the motivations of a group of technology consultants. The insights obtained from this research reveal valuable lessons to increase the propensity of these individuals to share their knowledge. Businesses such as management consultancy and technology consultancy are recognized for their heavy investment in human capital while minimizing the use of tools and machinery. It is in this setting where managing knowledge has become critical to performance and the process of sharing knowledge has been identified as a key source of competitive advantage. Although much theory is available in this area, organizations often experience difficulties taking knowledge management into practice. Among other problems, it has been observed that there is a poor understanding of the employees who carry the knowledge and what their perceptions are. One approach drawn from social sciences has addressed this situation by focusing on the motivations of the individuals to engage in knowledge sharing. It brings attention to the personalized, diffuse nature of knowledge and that transferring knowledge is an effort-insensitive activity, thus requiring certain degree of motivation. A relevant development in this direction is the Alignment Model of Motivational Focus, which stresses that the decision on an individual to share knowledge is not only affected by personal motivations, but also by the alignment, or association, to the groups it belongs to. While this model is recent and has not been tested, its original approach and its focus on knowledge-intensive firms provide a suitable foundation to prolong the research on knowledge sharing. In line with the theoretical and practical implications of focusing on professional services firms, this research aimed to explore the knowledge sharing behaviors in this industry and to identify the motivations of the individuals to engage in the process. Once reached a conclusion on the most relevant forces steering the individuals, the author sought to draw corresponding management practices that would increase the propensity of the workforce to share its knowledge. The research was structured in the form of a case study on an IT-consulting unit within a large professional services firm in the Netherlands. It made use of in-depth interviews with the consultants and direct observations of their behaviors, while the Alignment Model of Motivational Focus was implemented as main conceptual model to structure the data. Given the strict qualitative nature of the study, specialized software was utilized to code and analyze the data. The analysis focused on evaluating the frequency of key concepts and establishing relationships among them. It was found that the individuals are mainly driven by personal motivations, but also by the alignment to their team, the alignment to the organization and the alignment to their professional discipline. Eight motivational forces seem to have a major impact in stimulating knowledge sharing behaviors. Their ranking in order of importance is: • Most important: Reciprocity • Personal success • Expectations from the team • Team success • Perceived value of knowledge by others • Availability of resources • Personal Status • Least important: Contribution to project practices This list is the result of proposing a modified version of the Alignment Model of Motivational Focus specific to professional services. The new model excluded the motivations of gaining financial rewards and of gaining personal influence, as they do not seem to correspond to the work in this industry. In addition, reciprocity was a motivation not contemplated in the original model but here it was found to have a central role. These disparities appear to be related to the distinctive features associated with the professional services industry, such as the importance of networking and the heavy weight given to the individual achievements. Furthermore, it was found that there are a various barriers inhibiting the individuals to share knowledge. The most significant ones are the perception that there is not enough time to invest in sharing, and that the management does not provide enough support for this process. The results of the case study provide the groundwork to design improvement measures to increase the likelihood that knowledge will be shared among the employees of professional services firms. A set of seven managerial practices were identified that may effectively stimulate knowledge sharing in line with the perceptions and ambitions of the individuals. In no particular order: 1. Strengthen networking skills 2. Make knowledge contributions publicly visible 3. Have formal procedures to record and share lessons learned 4. Integrate knowledge sharing into the performance appraisal 5. Offer explicit, non-financial rewards 6. Develop a knowledge sharing culture 7. Exhibit leadership Incorporating these practices in the knowledge management strategies of professional services firms and keeping sight of the behavioral responses of the workforce will offer valuable insight to gain an enhanced organizational performance.

Sharing knowledge is an important aspect of most modern organisation. Ideas about how to stimulate knowledge sharing abound, but without much theorising. The objective of this article is to link basic motivation theories to empirical studies of knowledge sharing and its conditions. The paper starts with an orientation on company strategies to stimulate knowledge sharing, and the role of various types of incentives. It appears that these incentive schemes are based on various assumptions concerning human motivation. We turn then to work motivation theory to search for underlying processes that may explain why people would or would not share their knowledge. Understanding these processes and conditions can promote organisational strategies that support knowledge sharing. The findings are combined in an overview and motivational model that identifies the interaction of several psychological and organisational processes. From this overview a checklist is derived to assess the motivation for knowledge sharing and the conditions that may influence this motivation. Organizations that want to improve knowledge sharing may use this instrument to identify the issues they have to give attention to

This paper reports a study on the implementation of a bio-plastic material (PLA) for disposables at the Lowlands Music Festival. The main aim of the study is to develop a system which motivates Lowlands festival visitors to litter their PLA disposables effectively. In the paper, littering behavior of festival visitors, their norms and values are explored; and several approaches are discussed for creating a motivation for effective littering at Lowlands. Two concepts are created and tested at the festival. One of them is selected and further developed.

Wacom, the renowned pen tablet manufacturer pursued a better understanding of consumer customers. The project aimed to develop a framework to understand them. The nature of this quest was exploratory. Project outcome was not meant to be conclusive but illustrative. Wacom exposed a somewhat vague idea of consumer customers. Project's approach understood consumers from their particular motivations to perform computer activities. It was proposed to investigate activities real people performed. In doing so it was meant to find elements explaining why consumers engage with computer activities. The latter involved designing and conducting a thorough qualitative research.

This report describes the research and design process resulting into „MooVe‟, a train toilet concept designed to increase user involvement in maintaining toilet cleanliness. As a master thesis project, the process was carried out at the Product Development department of NS [Dutch Railways] in Utrecht. » The department sets new train specifications based on customer research; » The results of this project contribute to the improved design of future train toilet. This project explored possibilities of introducing: Innovative train toilet features that optimally motivate and facilitate users, to keep the toilet tidy. The research addressed user-attitudes towards keeping the train toilet tidy, of any usage-dirt. » It was found users are particularly cautious in use, when they do not experience cleanliness. The current lack in tools results in considerable effort, required from the users willing to tidy. Both disturb the motivation of users to make an effort in tidying up; » Privacy was found to allow excuses of users: “not to tidy up, even when one notices the toilet is in need of tidying up”. It negatively affects the moral judgement (to self-justify) not-to-make an effort in tidying up. Users are optimally motivated and facilitated to tidy up, by introducing train toilet features that: trigger the user‟s moral to tidy up; and enable users to maintain (at least) crucial issues of cleanliness, with ease. Particularly moral users with the anti-littering norm on their mind are now likely to make sure the toilet if left neat and tidy. » To prevent users from self-justifying not-to- tidy up, motivating features were designed to trigger the user‟s moral through increased social awareness and an increased sense of –possible- social rejection (by toilet users and by train passengers). In this way, the „demoralising‟ effect of privacy on users was counteracted, not privacy of the user itself; » In addition, experiencing less anonymity (from toilet users and from train passengers), by reducing the contrast in anonymity (in the toilet and in the train), was envisioned to encourage the user‟s moral to tidy up. » To prevent disturbing the user‟s motivation by either lack of tools or lack of cleanliness, facilitating features were designed to maintain cleanliness of crucial cleanliness elements, with minimal user effort to satisfactory results; » In addition, perceiving how these features –having been used- benefit the cleanliness of the toilet to the present user‟s advantage, was envisioned to encourage use of the features. An experiential prototype study was set-up to test the concept, in a research setting. » Because the behavioural sciences of research into social pressures and motivations are outside the scope of this design project, the prototype study was intended as indicative-only in obtaining the design goals. » By using the prototype, it was determined whether the concept features were: not disturbing privacy or toileting; were noticed by the participants; and were used as designed. » In addition, indications of reduced anonymity were sought. » Key conclusions and recommendations to NS are listed here.

Research shows that knowledge and convenience are the two key factors in getting people motivated to Separate garbage. Knowledge can influence various internal motivation factors (e.g. attitude), explain the conditions of external motivational factors (e.g. rewards & penalties) and is essential to enable consumers to separate waste as is desired. Increasing convenience (the infrastructure) will lower the threshold to start recycling. According to the Dutch consumers the communication on recycling is not satisfactory. Since transferring knowledge is an important and essential factor in the recycle process it lead to the development of ScRAPP, The Scanner Recycle APP. A smartphone app that collects information about waste separation in one location and communicates this information in an easy and clear way to the Dutch consumer.

Physical activity (PA) benefits a healthy condition. On the broader canvas public health benefits from promoting a healthy lifestyle, which includes sufficient PA. Apart from the lives that are improved, The financial merit of improved public health is substantial. Walking is deemed one of the most effective forms of PA. It is for this reason that interest in research on the topic of walking and PA has increased over the past years. A study is being conducted by Erasmus Medical Centre if and how new social and physical interventions in certain neighbourhoods in Rotterdam can induce an increase in the weekly amount of time that people aged 55+ spend on walking. Developing new interventions requires a creative process. Therefore the discipline of Industrial Design offers a valuable addition to the set-up of the study. Senior citizens and other people with a sedentary lifestyle, particularly in some of the neighbourhoods in Rotterdam with lower socioeconomic status, would benefit socially and physically from increasing the role of walking in their daily routine. However they lack sufficiently strong incentives and perceive barriers to go out on the street. A persuasive design, tailored to the context of the neighbourhoods and the motivation of the elderly is desired to influence the citizens aged 55+ to advance their walking behaviour. The assignment is to create an intervention in the physical environment which should - together with other physical interventions - induce an increase in time spend on walking with 30 minutes per week, which is roughly 20% of the average time older people (aged 65+) currently spend on walking. Inspired by a process of context mapping with an emphasis on personal stories, an iterative design approach was followed to develop an appropriate and functioning design to address this matter. The resulting intervention: ‘De Reizende Roos’ (the travelling rose) can best be typified as an effort to brand walking as a social tool - which ultimately helps people retain independence. The objective of the branding campaign is for people to be able to deploy this tool according to their needs. One widely recognised quality of walking is highlighted: Walking benefits a good conversation between two people. Creating awareness around this quality happens by means of a learning experience: Participants are immersed in an experience and subsequently guided to turn the experience into knowledge by reflection and abstraction. "De Reizende Roos" (the travelling rose) is a narrative which gives meaning to an assignment that leads to the aforementioned learning experience. The narrative is about improving ‘the’ neighbourhood by improving one’s perception of the neighbourhood, about taking initiative and plucking up courage. A box containing the assignment is passed on between participants. The rose is the character who explains the assignment. Hence the name: travelling rose. Essentially the assignment is a challenge to make a walk together and while doing so, starting another initiative to improve social relations in the neighbourhood. After performing this act the participants are asked to reflect on the process by filling out a guestbook. Part of the report is to share experiences about if and how walking supported a conversation. The goal of the guestbook is for the participants to put the experience into words and thus transform it into knowledge. Experiments have demonstrated that the pass-on system works in principle, however some limitations are found. The most important finding is that not every senior can cope with the uncertainty of receiving a mysterious box and assuming responsibility for it. Furthermore it is inevitable that the boxes stop progressing at some point. An organisation is required to ‘respawn’ the boxes in such cases. These and other issues are addressed in what is called the ‘final’ design. However, it should be mentioned that the reality that a design is never final, applies on this project. The first and most important steps to evaluate will be how the adjusted pass-on system functions and whether the reflection in the guestbook guides towards an actual learning experience. By creating a learning experience and offering a tool to retain independence, a socially relevant and durable contribution is made, that is, a contribution which exceeds the boundaries of the intervention study and has a long lasting effect in the lives of the target group.