· · · Institutional Repository

The main goal of the project is to improve the label of the area, make attractive for more wealthy people as well as to attract new target groups to Feijenoord in order to diversify and balance neighborhood composition. The emphasis of the design was made on the 19th century architectural heritage which unique identity and diversity of expression became a leitmotiv for whole city block. Main spatial goal for design is to incorporation the building into the urban fabric and to open up the block towards different public spaces in order to create an extensive public domain with continuous routs.

About the transformation of a former laboratory into a short stay establishment. With apartments, swimming pool, fitness a restaurant and a café. Aim: realizing a luxury establishment while complementing the historical fabric and the sloping landscape.

When showering, needs of comfort and wellbeing are increasingly valued in the North-Western European culture. However these needs also result in an increase of water and energy consumption. The challenge within this project lies in designing an alternative bathing practice that consumes less water and energy and fits to the lifestyle of North-Western Europeans at the same time.

This book shows the essentials of the work of students on a theoretical commission to renovate 'het werkplaatsengebouw' for new functions. The students from the TU Delft, the PT Krakow and the FH Münster tried to find the best adaptations to give the building a new life. 'Het werkplaatsengebouw' is situated on a peninsula in the city of Rotterdam. This area is important because of the booming building activities and, because of these activities, it serves as a visiting card for the municipality The functions of buildings on th is peninsula are mainly related to the high quality offices, to several types of housing and to special activities required in such a high quality area, includes facilities for shopping and relaxation. The building designed by the architectural firm 'Van de Broek & Bakema' can be considered a young monument.

The title 'The Future of Restoration' implies that there is a future lor restoration. Putting this even more strongly, the future of restoration is becoming increasingly important. Not only are monuments our witnesses to the past but these witnesses have much to tell about the organisation of life of work in the past, about how structures were built and about kinds of techniques and materials that were used. Lessons have often been learnt in the hard way because many buildings have been lost owing to a lack of knowledge about the forces and climatic influences to which they were subjected. That so much has survived may amaze us. This is the result of cumulative knowledge, passed on from master to pupil and beyond, and it has led to the beautiful buildings that we can still treasure and enjoy.

In the 1ge century what had been the traditional building techniques up to th at time were considerably changed owing to the use of cast iron and later wrought iron and steel. In fact, the industrial revolution, initially based in England, would not have been possible without these materiais. Not only the development of the product, in which the ditlerence bet ween iron and steellay purely !he fact that steel could be tempered, while iron could be hammered into shape, but also the manufacturing processes. These progressed via the puddling fumace, introduced by Henry Cort in 1784, which made possible the production of wrought iron, the Bessemer converter 1855, and the Siemens-Martin open hearth process and led to continuous improvements in building technology.

Concrete as a conglomerate of sand, stone and a binder, is a very old material indeed. In the Roman period earth from Puozzoli, together with lime and water could bind the sand and the stones to form a conglomerate that has an affmity to our modem concrete. Later, in the more northem areas of Europe, the use of trass, plus water for a reaction, also produced cement. The Romans proved that they could build in a durable way with earth from Puozzoli, because even today we can still enjoy the aquaducts built all over Europe and the water reservoirs in Rome, which are still functioning. From building specifications for the Basilica of Constantine and the Pantheon, both in Rome, we know that cost could be reduced by using a mixture of stone fragments, Puzzuoli earth, lime and water for the inner parts of the walls.

What do we understand by the term 'foundations'? This general idea may embody the literal ' groundwork' that provides support for a building and may possibly include the entire structural works that serve to pre vent subsidence. Remarkably, in this definition the word 'groundwork' incorporates both the 'ground' itself and the structural 'works'. Ground itself is a general word for the usually layered formations containing elements such as sand, clay peat and silt deposited beside each other or are intermingled, but each having its own characteristics.

Currently there are a lot of vacant buildings available. To reuse these buildings, which may or may not have monumental status, the project has to be financially feasible. If a building has good potentials to be reused, the capacity of the structure and the possibilities of adapting the structures needs to be examined to make a project possible This study focuses on how the structural design influence the redesigning for reuse of a monument. As a design case the Flour factory in Leiden has been selected. The old flour factory ‘de Sleutels’, located at the corner of the Oosterkerkstraat and the canal the Zijlsingel in Leiden is a complex of nine different buildings with each different characteristics. The architect Peter Zumthor designed a plan on how to reuse the existing buildings and which interventions should be done to realize this. The problem definition is the following: How can the interventions, as proposed by Peter Zumthor and partner, be integrated in the current structures of the former flour factory ‘meelfabriek de Sleutels’ in Leiden, so that sound safe structures, set out in the Dutch Building Regulations and in the Eurocode-regulations, are created and which adjustments and additions should be made to realize this goal? The methodology generated is applied on this project. First as much as possible data was searched for. This data was, when possible, compared to inspections on the buildings on site to get a realistic overview of the characteristics of the building. Where data was missing assumptions were made (in reality it is recommended to find the missing data by inspections on site) or conclusions were drawn from visible inspections. With this overview it was possible to detect the failures and possibilities of the structures of the buildings. The failures and possibilities resulted in different solutions to realize the proposed architectural interventions in the existing structures. A selection of the best solution was done by testing them on the set preconditions (as set in the architectural analysis, in reality this is done by client, architect, state or municipality and other stakeholders involved). The solution that fits best is selected to develop the final structural design. To adapt the Boiler House to an workshop building the foundation capacity has to be examined further and the possibility to couple the building in South direction to the cleaning building to provide stability. If it is possible the steel should be examined on its yielding strength and a check has to be done if the masonry is still intact and if the bond between steel skeleton and concrete floors still is present, otherwise anchors could be used to solve this problem. To adapt the silos built in 1904 to a hotel the foundation should be reinforced, because it has now only a rest-life of 25 years. The cracks in the roof should be repaired to prevent (further) carbonation and corroding of the steel. To adapt the Mill to an atelier building, sloping columns are added to transfer the overloading forces to the outer dies, with extra capacity, to make the foundation safe. Braces are added in the outer portals and two inner portals to take care of the displacement. The structure should be cleaned from corrosion and protected; a sprinkler installation should diminish the temperature of the structure to provide fire safety. To adapt the Flour Warehouse to a fitness building a steel top is realised with steel-plate concrete floors to make a light structure, to create a safe foundation. Outriggers are placed in the top to take care of the displacement. Where reinforcement is visible the concrete should be repaired to prevent (further) carbonation and corroding of the steel. To adapt the silos built in ’37, ’38 and ’55 to a hotel the concrete has to be repaired where reinforcement is visible to prevent (further) carbonation and corroding of the steel. To adapt the cleaning building to a design office the foundation capacity has to be examined further and the concrete has to be repaired where reinforcement is visible to prevent (further) carbonation and corroding of the steel. To adapt the extension of the Mill to apartments the structure should be cleaned from corrosion and protected. The displacement should be diminished by adding braces or a core. To adapt the Tower of Silos into design and fashion shops the concrete has to be repaired where reinforcement is visible to prevent (further) carbonation and corroding of the steel. The final conclusion: The interventions and additions of the structures of The Mill and the Flour Warehouse are sound safe structures verified according to the Dutch Building Regulations and the Eurocode-regulations. The capacity of the existing structures is used at full extend and simple solutions make additions or adaptions possible. The monumental values are kept intact and the preconditions as set according to the vision of the architect and the client wishes are nearly achieved. Recommendations When an existing structure is adapted to the needs of a renovation project the following recommendations can be done: • Use the methodology as generated in this thesis, based on the ABCD method. When data is thoroughly searched and compared with measurements from inspections on the structures it is possible to find failures and possibilities, which give a good base for the redesign. • When there is a need for adapting the structure search for the extra capacity of a structure and make a solution with this capacity. • From this thesis it appears that buildings build until at least 1947 were not designed on stability and or horizontal displacement, consider this when making a redesign for a structure of the same period.

Over weinig wijken is zo uitvoerig gedacht en geschreven als over Pendrecht in Rotterdam Zuid. Met de oorlog nog vers in het geheugen werd getracht een open en democratische samenleving te bouwen en de massamaatschappij tegen te gaan. Het is echter diezelfde wijk die 50 jaar later tot 1-na-slechtste wijk van Nederland wordt bestempeld. Wie de achterliggende motieven van de oorspronkelijke opzet en die van hedendaagse nieuwbouwprojecten met elkaar vergelijkt ziet echter grote overeenkomsten. Dat doet vermoeden dat er een alternatief moet bestaan voor sloop. Dit onderzoek en ontwerp laat zien hoe de (bij het beton) Ingestorte Idealen van Pendrecht nieuw leven ingeblazen kunnen worden. Niet alleen voor het behoud van dit erfgoed, maar vooral om daarmee bij te dragen aan het beantwoorden van hedendaagse opgaven.

This Rmit graduation project concerns the translation of aspects of social sustainability to the context of a social housing renovation project, in a neighborhood in Rotterdam city. The result of this project comes in the form of design, which can be used by designers and other actors such as housing corporations and local residents, as a show case with solutions dealing with issues of social safety, cohesion, diversity and life resistance. The researched context is that of a mixed neighborhood with late post-war portiek dwellings and 19th century housing; the neighborhood in Oranjeboom street in the city of Rotterdam is used as a case for study and design. Since the project is concerned with the relation between social functions and physical, spatial properties, and aims to achieve the presuppositions for social sustainability, emphasis is placed on incorporating the perspectives of local residents; both existing and future expected ones, with a particular focus on families with children and working-at-home persons living in the neighbourhood. An integrated intervention pattern is developed, at different levels of scale –from urban to architectural and material scale, concerning built-up area, program, public and communal space and indoor living environment. Design deals mostly with two social sustainability aspects that were deemed most relevant within the specific context .These are firstly social safety, since aspects related to this appear to be the greatest threat to the future value of these neighborhoods. Secondly, possibilities for social interaction, since this is the most important (potential) quality of the neighbourhood. Spatial preconditions for a design that replies to these problems are also strongly correlated. The first issue is translated in solutions for accessibility and usability of public and communal spaces and border treatment, through a clear privacy zoning between public and private space. Solutions for visibility were also important to offer easier social control. The second issue is translated in solutions for communal activities and communal space design; external and internal: the courtyard and the portieks design was the main focus points. The other two issues: diversity and life resistance are treated through solutions for variety in building typologies and functions in the district and flexibility and affordability issues of the housing. Specifically water management and insulation-thermal costs awe remain points of focus. Architectural design proposal is made for a crucial neighborhood part, namely a residential building block, the main traffic structure, and the communal courtyard and public park area around it, to test how the theoretical preconditions and patterns can be translated into a coherent design. Keeping social potential in Oranjeboom street by designing a neighboorhood that enables and facilitates the change of its inhabitant’s social situation, enabling social and economic survival. Research in the thesis plan and two papers (article and reflection paper has led to formulate the desirable and possible characteristics for the design of the district. The application of these design criteria - social safety, cohesion, diversity and life resistance. -dictated specific spatial preconditions in order to enable successful livability of the district. The existing structure however , imposes certain barriers and restricts the possibilities of the solutions to be chosen. On the other hand, re–using the existing values in order to achieve the upper goals is a big challenge that all Rmit projects include. The main goal of the research , and the design in this Rmit project was recognizing the significance of the ensemble and being able to reinterpret its values through the redesign.

How can the sustainability of the monumental theater Kunstmin, which will be renovated, be improved by means of spatial, architectural and technical installation procedures?

Within an ERANET-ERACOBUILD project, this study investigates the opportunities and barriers to establish a “one stop shop” with an integrated supply side, to counteract the fragmented offer in sustainable renovation of single-family houses and to increase the level of knowledge, skills and innovations. Aspects of providing reliable information and guidance for house-owners are also included. Starting from a survey directed to the Flemish construction sector, we tried to distill the viewpoint and willingness of enterprises to cooperate in such a one-stop-shop idea. The survey concludes that the increase of holistic very low energy renovations is expected in a short time and that a large percentage of companies is willing to work together. However, socio-technical and know-how barriers to accomplish this still remain. With these results - and an analysis of existing websites providing an interface between suppliers and owner-occupants - business models, training and other activities will be set up to establish a one-stop shop model within the continuation of this project. A test case is foreseen.

The housing stock in the Netherlands is not up to date when it comes to the energy ambitions of the government. The covenant Meer met Minder urges for the CO2 reduction of 30% in the built environment in between 2008 and 2020. This means that 2,4 million buildings in the country have to be energy renovated within a set time limit. Housing corporations and local governments try to energy renovate houses in large-scale projects targeting whole neighborhoods or complexes of buildings. For corporations, 70% of the tenants has to agree with the renovations, a number that is often not reached. Residents, however, are not quite as ambitious as the government. Energy renovations in their houses are supposed to save money, improve the environment, improve the comfort of the house and the indoor air quality, but these benefits are not yet convincing enough to accept energy renovations. An energy efficient house is an intangible product that is not adopted easily by residents. In this graduation project, the factors behind the decision for energy renovations are explored. A method is made to explore the factors behind the acceptance of energy renovations in a neighborhood; knowledge, attitude and intention of residents. Because of this, a more effective target group segmentation can be made, which enhances the chance of a successful renovation project, in this case more energy renovated houses.

This dissertation presents the research into renovation techniques for orthotropic steel bridge decks. These techniques are needed to solve fatigue problems in the decks of these bridges, as several fatigue cracks have been detected in the deck structure of these bridges the last decade. A well-known example of fatigue cracks are those observed in the deck plate of the Van Brienenoord bascule bridge in 1997, at that time a 7 year old bridge. The renovation techniques are part of a proposed maintenance philosophy for steel bridge decks. Lifetime calculations, inspections and renovation techniques are the three essential parts of this philosophy. A reliable lifetime calculation model for fatigue damage in the deck plate is described, including the influence of the asphalt surfacing. Accurate calculation results are obtained, both for movable and fixed bridges. Inspection programs can be based on the lifetime calculation results. Several innovative inspection techniques are presented briefly. For fixed bridges the replacement of the asphalt surfacing with a reinforced high performance concrete surfacing is an effective renovation method. For movable bridge decks three solutions that extend the lifetime of the orthotropic deck structure were researched in this thesis.

For newly built houses and renovations European and national ambitions prescribe increasing levels of energy performances, even including achieving the passive house standard, net zero energy or carbon neutral houses. For highly energy-efficient renovation, project information from first demonstration projects is now becoming available. This paper examines experiences of demonstration projects with improved energy performance, in order to diffuse these experiences to reach other innovators and the early adopter market. Innovation diffusion theory is used to analyse examples of residential renovations using passive house technologies. Further the paper examines challenges and opportunities for the diffusion of demonstrated solutions to an early adopter market. Detailed case studies show that passive house retrofit, as well as low energy retrofit, need more holistic approaches, higher skill competence and strong process coordination. The results show that it is technically feasible to reach outstanding energy performance in renovation. However, social, political and economical issues remain important barriers to reach a more substantial market share. In particular there is a need to cluster energy efficiency principles to focus on substantial energy savings. The research leads to ideas for further study of the possible role of change agencies to support substantial energy reduction in retrofit projects.

Two thirds of all office real estate in Europe is older than 30 years. While the load bearing structure of a building can last for a century, the interior design is renovated at relatively short intervals. Practice has shown, however, that at the age of twenty to thirty years the facades and climate installations of a building do no longer fulfil today’s demands. They are out-of-date on technical, optical and comfort matters. Particularly these building components hold the potential to improve the energy performance of a building significantly. The façade of a building is also responsible for its exterior appearance and thus the public perception of it owner, as well as for the interior climate and the well-being of the occupant. Consequently, more and more office buildings come into consideration for refurbishment. However, currently the building economy is lacking innovative refurbishment strategies for office facades. On the one hand, most of the current renovation projects tend to substantially refurbish a building, which causes major interference with the building’s interior and the load bearing structure, and consequently a major investment. On the other hand, only little is known about the various façade types, which have been built in different eras. This leads to certain reluctance in initiating a refurbishment project. The market is obviously lacking an overview of practical refurbishment strategies and their applicability to different existing façade typologies. The present thesis intends to fill this gap of knowledge. After an introduction (chapter 1) and overview of the ‘state of the art’ of façade refurbishment (chapter 2), this research project is set up in four steps. In the first place, chapter 3 evaluates the existing stock of office facades in Western Europe. It defines the typical office facades and sorts them into 22 categories, which are characterised by structural features and similar refurbishment challenges. With this typology at hand, the distribution of these office facades is evaluated in different locations in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and in Germany. The local market analysis shows that the three countries, although being in the same climate zone, have developed very different office façades. Thus, an overview is created, which estimates the amount of facades of one typology for certain locations and eras. The common refurbishment tasks become evident. The following step (chapter 4) elaborates the demands and restrictions of façade refurbishment planning. In order to compare different concepts for one given building with each other, this chapter also evaluates existing assessment methods and generates appropriate tools for the special task of refurbishment. These tools compare the quantifiable features energy consumption and life-cycle-cost, as well as quality aspects such as the construction process and the interference with the function of an office, and possible improvement of indoor comfort. For these ‘soft skills’ an evaluation tool is developed, which facilitates the comparative rating and graphical visualisation. Chapter 5 takes in the central part of the research and intensively assessing five case studies that can stand representative for the most common façade types. Among these cases there are office buildings in the Netherlands and Germany, as well as the campus of Bielefeld University. In these studies, the typical problems of each façade typology come to light. For each case, different refurbishment concepts are developed and evaluated in order to define the most promising solution. These concepts look at the building in general and at the façade construction in detail. Furthermore, two product developments are part of this research, which propose solutions for the most common façade types. For the typical post-and-beam façade, an adapter profile has been developed, which permits upgrading existing façades of different manufacturers with new standardised products. It brings the façade to an up-to-date insulation level without alteration of connections to dividing walls and interior finishings. The second product development looks at the typical load bearing facades with window units. The concept proposes to replace the windows and renew the building services within the façade. By combining these features in new façade components it is possible to renew the building envelope and installations entirely from the outside with minimal disturbance of the interior. The system is highly modular, which allows future adaptations. In the fourth step (chapter 6) the results of the case studies and further assessed best-practice examples are combined. This thesis thus gives an overview of the common existing façade types and their typical challenges. The possible refurbishment strategies are evaluated in terms of architecture, function, comfort, investment, material consumption, and energy saving potential. It is possible to choose those refurbishment strategies that are most promising for the various refurbishment tasks. This analysis results in a matrix, which presents the features of each refurbishment concept and relates the concepts to the different existing types of façades. Thus, it will be of use for architects and specialist consultants in the early planning stage to clarify the building task and to identify the first refurbishment concepts. This work is also intended to provide decision makers, such as owners and investors with the necessary background knowledge of the topic. The façade industry can gain insight into the market for office refurbishment and can find inspiration for future product developments. With these goals in mind, this thesis aims to structure the complex task of façade refurbishment and visualise its possibilities. Thus, it wants to motivate real estate stake holders to step into the planning and initiate more buildings to be refurbished. The presented refurbishment strategies permit reducing the energy consumption of an existing building, while the life-cycle costs are reduced. At the same time, they give the chance to improve the comfort of the inhabitants and the quality of the urban environment. In this sense, the refurbishment of office façades takes its share in improving the sustainability of the building stock.

In this paper, we focus on the influence of occupant behaviour on the energy performance of dwellings, before and after renovation process. In this context, ‘ventilation control pattern’, ‘maintenance’, and ‘heating energy demand’ are selected as the key parameters of the study. The aim is to reveal the sensitivity of energy performance of a dwelling to occupant behaviour, considering the pre and post-renovation process. Sensitivity of dwelling energy performance to occupant behaviour is analysed using Monte Carlo method. This method is one of the most commonly used methods to analyse the approximate distribution of possible results on the basis of probabilistic inputs. The inputs are selected as: window and grid operation, and mechanical ventilation set for ventilation control. The data used about occupant behaviour is gathered from OTB Survey [2008]. The Dutch reference building is used as a generic building to test the behavioural patterns. The result shows that a renovated [maintenance] dwelling is more robust to ventilation behaviour of the occupant.