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As headquarters for sustainability of the United Nation, it earns a high value of representing this evolution and stands for fairness and responsibility as well. This offers it a great value to be a graceful monumental building, to which the expansive site area and a great river next to also provide beneficial condition. Then, compare to the industrial revolution, the new alteration is also about the value orientation of human beings except for science and technology. As a result, it would not be a building to tell people what is sustainable in a technical method; instead, it would show how delightful in future if it is a sustainable world in a placid way. In other words, it is a carrier of wish, belief and eternity.

The United Nations Environmetal Council (UNEC) is a proposed 6th UN Council and shall have a global coordinating function in sustainable development. It will be a central organisation that collects, produces, propagates and exchanges information on sustainability worldwide, concerning ecological, social an economical issues. This UN Council should therefore have an icon function in sustainable building design worldwide. The building will be located next to the existing UN Headquarters (UNHQ) on the East Riverbank in Manhattan, New York City. The new headquarters for the Environmental Council of the United Nations has to be designed as an icon in sustainable building design worldwide, but how should it look like? Of course one of the main topics is sustainability, but how to express sustainability in the design of a building? Should it be expressed in the exterior of the building, clearly visible and shown in the façade? Can it be shown in the dimensioning and relations in between all building parts? Or is it something that is part of a more integrated system within the climate- and structural design of the building? Obviously it is not enough to claim that the design of this building will be sustainable ones the façade of the design looks green by applying a façade system with greenery. Maybe this will show a more sustainable image to the public on the street, but to me the integration of sustainability within a building design is far more then creating a ‘green’ image to the public. To me it will be a challenge to generate more awareness among the public about the topic of sustainability by integrating this main topic within the design of the new UNEC headquarters. In a same way the existing main building of the UN administration, designed by the Swiss-French architect and urban planner Le Corbusier and the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer, also showed the more technical possibilities for the use of materials like reinforced concrete as icon for industrial improvements of the last century. We are in a unique moment in architectural and building engineering history when shifting world needs has asked us to question some of the fundamentals of how we have built for the last century and how we will build in the next. The image of ‘the primitive hut’ by Laugier shows not only the true beauty of architecture in form and composition, but also the use of natural materials in the build-up of a structure. For me this image embodies the subconscious wish of mankind to live (all human activities) in a structure that is formed and created by only the use of natural formed materials like timber. Therefore it is the role of the architect to fulfil this wish by the design of sustainable buildings, in which the use of structural timber for high-rise also shows the possibilities of this material as sustainable icon. High-rise timber buildings are not a new concept. 1400 years ago tall pagodas in Japan, like the Horyu-Ji Temple were built up to 19 storeys in wood and still stand today in high seismic, wet climate environments. Current innovations worldwide have triggered a race to create taller wood buildings, including a 12 storey building in Melbourne Australia, a 17 storey building in Norway and a 30 storey hybrid timber and concrete building in Austria; the LifeCycle Tower. The case for tall wood buildings introduces a new way of constructing tall buildings with a renewable, durable and strong building material that is manufactured by nature. To find truly sustainable solutions to buildings for the future, we must look at the fundamentals of the way we build and live. To achieve this, we have to go back to the origin of our inner self and build with natural materials in combination with modern technologies: highrise in timber, the new ‘hut’ as sustainable icon for the future.

As pressure increases on the building industry to incorporate the principles of sustainable development into policies and activities, so too does the pressure on managing projects and the project approach. The current project approach does not effectively address the objectives of sustainable development. Furthermore the number of sustainable buildings has risen in the last decade, and there is still more need for sustainable constructions. But, on the other hand, sustainable ambitions almost always decline during the actual construction project. To realize these ambitions, there is the need for a new project approach. The study focused on the role of the project manager in safeguarding sustainable ambitions during the whole project. This research is focused on the following control aspects: Time, Money, Information, Quality and Organization, as a project manager’s tool in order to achieve the sustainable ambitions. In this thesis the main Research Question is “How can project managers contribute to achieving sustainable ambitions in office-building projects? The methodology of this study consists of the following elements: literature survey, interviewing and expert meeting.

Rotterdam is in the middle of its ‘second rebuilding’. Its modernist and car-friendly character that was so successful in the first rebuilding after the second world war are now blamed for a number of social and economical problems Rotterdam is faced with. The Rotterdam of 2021 is denser than today. Its centre houses more residents and is starting to shake of its car-friendly character to make way for cyclists and pedestrians. By 2021, Rotterdam’s population exists of more than 50% immigrants. Many public spaces and services are privatized and liberalized, offering citizens more, but fragmented choices. Crosslinks between the randstad cities become abundant, expanding the mobility range of citizens. Citizens may react to these developments in two different ways; be overwhelmed by the increasingly complex city and retreat(individual) or welcome the opportunities and diversity it provides (communal). Next to the developments of the city there are also developments within the citizens. On the one hand, there is an ever stronger need for consumption and comfort and a sense of ‘being a client of the city’ (conservative) while on the other hand collaborative consumption is starting to develop and citizens are increasingly participants in the city rather than consumers or clients (progressive). Two concepts were developed to facilitate the individual-conservative and communal-progressive paradigms in public transport. The individual-conservative paradigm can be characterized by a need for being in their comfort-zone while mobile, an anxiety free state of mind. The busy urban environment threatens to take them out of this zone. Therefore, a concept was developed to allow people to stay in their comfort zone in public transport by being able to detach themselves from the busy urban streets. This concept features a double-decker tram, stops that provide good overview over the city and private seats that clearly demarcate personal space. The first floor of the stops is designed as a small ‘park’, providing the individual-conservative with small oases at regular intervals in the city. The communal progressive paradigm enjoys being mobile, likes to discover new places and meet new people and is willing to take responsibility for the livability of the city. The concept developed for this paradigm aims at allowing people to take responsibility for each other, meet new people and travel more efficiently by establishing synergy between users of public transport. The concept consists of a smartphone application that allows users to add requests to public transport lines, stops or vehicles. Other users can respond to the request and further arrangements are made. An example could be that a user requests another user to share doing groceries with, saving both users valuable time.

An addition to the existing UN complex with the Headquarters for Sustainability. A building that captures a quit green part of the UN complex and opens this up to the public with the iconic shape of the building itself.

Sustainable monumentcare. A theoretical framework to design for the future. Research on combining design for sustainability and monument care to create truely sustainable monument care, has led to a 3 step approach to sustainable monument care. Using this 3-step method, a design case study is conducted on a historic café and monument.

The link between project management and sustainability is relatively new. More projects today are driven by sustainability goals than ever before. The need for sustainability as a critical factor for project success is clear. However, the question is what the stakeholders involved in the project think of it. The main objective of this research is to investigate whether stakeholders’ perspectives on sustainability can give a positive contribution to project management practices. Additionally, the research will try to fill the gap in the literature.

How can municipalities be helped in choosing their level of involvement in a local sustainable energy company? This research investigates how municipalities can be helped in choosing their level of involvement in a local sustainable energy company. It aims to know which different choices municipalities can make in deciding on their involvement in LSECs through an empirical study. This research started from the analysis that many municipalities struggle with the complexity and risks of their involvement in LSECs and the uncertainty of outcomes of these decisions on the level of municipal involvement. This main research question was answered using 4 different collection methods, a desk research, a set of interviews, participant observation and a full population questionnaire. The theory study shows us that there are four aspects on which decisions have to be made. These four aspects together determine how municipal involvement in a LSEC looks like.

The current challenges that the world is facing are urging us to re-think the structure and functioning of our social and economic systems. A critical paradigm shift is required if issues such as climate change, growing poverty, depletion of natural resources and uncertain energy futures are to be effectively solved. Global leaders and scientists all over the world have agreed that the time has come for a new form of development to radically transform our classic models of growth so that they embrace the concept of sustainability. But if achieving sustainability appears as a straightforward solution, the same cannot be said regarding the strategies required for turning this new paradigm of development into concrete actions. In this scenario, cities are called to take the lead. In fact, cities are the systems where the three pillars of sustainability merge together (i.e. economy, environment and society), they are the largest consumers of resources and producers of waste, and they are the center of economic activities and engines of wealth production. But above all, their key role in guiding this transition is evidenced by the prospect of a dramatic increase in urban population. Cities urgently need new forms of urban planning and management that can deal with these challenges while remaining competitive as they enter in the era of Global City Regions. In a nutshell, they have to become socially, economically and environmentally sustainable. In the quest for achieving Sustainable Cities, many governments have placed their bid on Intelligent and Knowledge City Programmes (ICPs and KCPs), mainly as a consequence of the uncertainties related to the performance of different urban structures in terms of sustainability, their excessively long implementation time and their significant costs. These programmes exploit state of the art Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and the city’s digital infrastructure for different purposes. The goal of ICPs is to pursue urban operational excellence through the improved management of the city’s sectors and infrastructure, while KCPs are designed for improving territorial governance systems and for turning the city into an innovation hub that nurtures knowledge and creativity. ICPs and KCPs are being mostly implemented in the more developed regions of the world, where mature cities characterized by abundant infrastructure legacy and scarcity of land are located. But as governments believe that the strategy of creating “smarter cities” will also result in the achievement of sustainability, the precise connection between the concepts of sustainable and intelligence is not entirely clear. Nobody argues on the desirability of making cities smarter, but the fundamental questions of how and to what extent can ICPs and KCPs contribute to the achievement of urban sustainability lack a precise answer. The goal of this research project is to determine whether the connection between Sustainable and Intelligent Cities is supported by evidence or simply affected by wishful thinking. To accomplish the goal, a methodology for investigating the modalities through which ICPs and KCPs contribute to the achievement or urban sustainability is developed. The proposed assessment model is then applied to general theory on Intelligent and Knowledge Cities, and to case studies which will provide more insights on the nature of these two urban initiatives. This research is structured as follows: Chapter 1: Understanding the essentials of Sustainable Development. Chapter 2: Recognizing the configuration of Sustainable Cities. Chapter 3: Developing a system for monitoring the progress of cities towards sustainability. Chapter 4: Identifying the features and value added of ICPs and KCPs Chapter 5: Assessing the contribution of ICPs and KCPs to urban sustainability Chapter 6: Final conclusions The number of case studies analyzed only allows the formulation of preliminary conclusions (the project provides recommendations for directing future research efforts). The results of this research evidence that: A. Through improved management of urban sectors and infrastructure (with particular emphasis on the electricity grid), ICPs mainly contribute to the achievement of a sustainable urban metabolism (i.e. reduced consumption of non-renewable energy and natural resources, and reduced environmental impact of urban sub-systems), while KCPs support this goal by promoting behavior changes within the community and, in some cases, through the promotion of innovation-based activities. B. Through improved urban safety and mobility, better governance systems and the development of a knowledge-based economy, ICPs and KCPs contribute to the achievement of a sustainable society (i.e. improved quality of life and attractiveness of the city). C. Through improved management of urban sectors and infrastructure and the development of a knowledge-based economy, ICPs and KCPs contribute to the achievement of a sustainable economy (i.e. higher short- and long-term competitiveness). D. Through the improved management of environmental compartments, ICPs are facilitators for the achievement of a sustainable environment (i.e. preservation of the three environmental compartments and biodiversity). However, the main contribution of ICPs to this pillar derives from the optimization of the city’s infrastructure and services, which reduces the environmental impact of urban sectors by lowering the emissions of toxic substances and consumption of natural resources. KCPs also contribute to this goal by promoting behavior changes within the community which are more eco-compatible. Despite the positive contribution of ICPs and KCPs to the achievement of urban sustainability, this research evidences that other actions are required for pursuing truly sustainable urban environments. In fact, the achievement of Sustainable Cities is compromised by the prospects of a dramatic growth in urban population and increasing consumption levels in emerging countries. These two trends seriously hamper the world’s journey towards sustainability, and there is not much that ICPs and KCPs can do to slow them down. These programmes can, however, limit the negative impacts of these two trends, but other actions are urgently required. Furthermore, this research underlines that in order for ICPs and KCPs to successfully leverage sustainability, “optimization” of urban sectors and “behavior changes” need to be pursued in tandem. The main reason justifying this need is to reduce the probability that higher urban efficiency indirectly translates into increasing per capita consumption levels. Reflecting in general terms on the contribution of ICPs and KCPs to urban sustainability, this research noticed that a considerable number of these programmes deeply rely on the extent to which humans become “intelligent”. In fact, both ICPs and KCPs are enablers of human and collective intelligence, which means that their implementation does not guarantee that citizens will change their behaviors as planned. While the effects of ICPs directly optimizing urban sectors and infrastructure (i.e. through automated management systems or by supporting urban managers take more efficient and effective decisions) are more quantifiable, the indirect contribution of programmes ultimately relying on the “good will” of citizens is hard to predict. In fact, most of these programmes dealing with human behavior are being implemented in the form of pilots (i.e. Amsterdam Smart City). Whereas the costs of ICPs and KCPs are quantifiable, their exact benefits are still vague and too dependent on the assumption that humans act rationally and that they are willing to change their consumption habits. The basic principle is that, besides the obstacles faced by Intelligent and Knowledge Cities, becoming smart requires efforts, and not just in the form of investments in ICT and digital infrastructure. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that urban intelligence and sustainability are strongly related, but it is incorrect to consider them as the two opposite sides of the same medal. At the present moment, ICPs and KCPs represent the best tools for supporting cities (especially the ones with significant infrastructure legacy) in their journey towards true sustainability, but other actions are required for the achievement of this goal. Altogether, the conclusions of this research indicate that Intelligent and Knowledge City Programmes are the best known enablers of sustainable urban environments. "Being an Intelligent-Knowledge City is a necessary but not sufficient condition for being a Sustainable City."

Thesis how to develop the area around the airport of Rotterdam into a new urban node.

Ecatepec, Mexico City presents the challenge of uniform, low-density peri-urban sprawl in the form of privately developed gated communities for the lower income groups. The main objective of this project is to propose alternatives to low-income housing, amplifying local skills and cultural consciousness, facilitating autonomy through local production and trade, as well as creating the possibilities of political manifestation through the strengthening of communal facilities. The wasteland in between the Las Americas gated community and the dried-out Lake Caracol is zoned for industrial use as in its current condition, it is not fit for housing developments due to soil and dust pollution. The proposal is to improve the environmental condition by making the 900 ha former lake productive through water-based agriculture with related processing facilities along its border. The proposed agricultural model is based on chinampas, a pre-Hispanic agricultural system with productive fields within a large body of water, which is still practiced in contemporary Mexico City. This will allow to urbanize the wasteland in order to propose an alternative model for urbanization with 14 000 units, approximately the same as Las Americas. The aim of the architectural design proposal is to develop a new model for urbanization that will counter previously mentioned urban problematics, based on higher urban density, meaning not only volumetric built density, but also mixed functions, less open space and rather more usable public space which will ultimately lead to an increase in density of social relations. Specifically, housing typologies will be developed that relate closely to the production and processing project mentioned above as well as other small-scale commercial activities. Seeing the low density and the mono-functionality of Las Americas, densification and introduction of new planned land uses within its suburban fabric becomes a key strategy. As the priority given to cars is what provides this low density, the proposal is to invade excessive public space of roads through the addition of housing as well as commercial functions. The final objective is to link the existing suburban fabric to the new mid-high density urban development that is proposed above.

Zonne- en windenergie worden sinds enige tijd op steeds grotere schaal toegepast. Nederland wordt steeds een stukje groener, echter zijn we er nog lang niet. Zowel qua hoeveelheid opgewekte energie als techniek om duurzame energie op te wekken. Het zonlicht hebben we inmiddels succesvol weten om te zetten middels zonnecellen in energie. Zij het dat ook deze techniek nog in de kinderschoenen staat. Windenergie maakt de laatste jaren ook een flinke opmars, kijk onder andere naar het windmolen park nabij Egmond aan zee dat onlangs is opgeleverd. Momenteel is de overheid bezig nog meer van deze projecten in de Noordzee te realiseren. De techniek van windmolen generatoren heeft inmiddels al een aantal verbeteringen ondergaan en wordt dan ook steeds rendabeler. Maar er is nog 1 grote bron van energie die wij vooralsnog onbenut laten, golfenergie. Met 2 – 3 kW/m2 in tegenstelling tot windenergie 400 – 600 W/m2 en zonne-energie 100 – 200 W/m2 levert golfenergie veruit het meest op. Helaas is tot op heden deze vorm van energie nog steeds niet doorgebroken. Wanneer bouwkunde en duurzame energie elkaar op zee tegenkomen is dit het begin van een mooie samenwerking waarbij opwekking van golfenergie het platform biedt om een gebouw op te kunnen huisvesten. Deze samenwerking wordt in dit onderzoek getracht een extra duwtje in de goede richting te geven. Dit onderzoek is aanvankelijk opgestart als onderzoek naar “Overstromingsbestendige woningen” wat inhoudt het ontwerpen van een woning welke in staat is een overstroming te overleven zodat er geen (materiële) schade wordt geleden. Hierbij zou centraal staan dat de bewoner geen last van een overstroming zou hebben, de woning zou gewoon door kunnen functioneren. Ook zou in het onderzoek een soort brainstorm naar allerlei mogelijke principes, die het mogelijk maken een overstroming te kunnen weerstaan, worden vastgelegd welke mogelijk voor het definitieve ontwerp gebruikt zouden kunnen worden, of eventueel in een ander of volgend onderzoek van waarde zouden kunnen zijn. Delen van de voorstudie welke op deze woningen zijn geënt zijn gebruikt omdat deze een nauw verband hebben met het nieuw gekozen onderwerp. Dit onderzoek wordt als onderlegger gebruikt in de latere studie naar ontwikkelen van het ontwerpen van een “Sustainable Getijdenpaviljoen”. Gaandeweg het onderzoek wordt gekeken welke vormen van drijvende gebouwen er zijn. Zowel nieuwe als reeds beproefde concepten worden hierin meegenomen met als uitgangspunt, alles kan. Vervolgens wordt er gekeken welke type golfenergie extractie systemen er momenteel zijn. Hiervan is een selectie gemaakt op basis van de verschillende princiepen. Dezen zijn vervolgens opgesomd ,beschreven en op basis van een aantal selectie criteria is er 1 gekozen om toe te passen op het ontwerp. Voor het Paviljoen is een PVE opgesteld waaraan het ontwerp zal moeten voldoen. Zodoende is ook het kader van het ontwerp opgesteld. Aan de hand van dit PVE worden de energie systemen en de wijze waarop het paviljoen boven het zee niveau zal worden gehouden geselecteerd. Na deze selectie is het golfklimaat op de locatie, door het PVE voorgeschreven, in kaart gebracht. Aan de hand van deze gegevens is berekent wat de golfenergie ter plaatse bedraagt. Met deze wetenschap in het achterhoofd is begonnen aan het ontwikkelen van het Oscillating Water Column Platform oftewel OWCP. In verschillende fasen zijn constructie, werking van het opwekkingssysteem, vorm en afmetingen bepaald. Tevens is uitgezocht wat aannemelijk de te verwachte efficiëntie van het OWCP zal bedragen. Op basis hiervan is het mogelijk de opwekking van het systeem te bepalen. Tegen deze opwekking is ook het verwachte verbruik van de paviljoen functie afgezet en gekeken hoeveel procent daadwerkelijk door het platform zelf kan worden opgewekt. Dit geheel heeft geresulteerd in een mogelijk ontwerp met als basis het OWCP. Tot slot is er van het systeem een maquette gemaakt om werking van het systeem aan te tonen.

This thesis concerns an alternative way of thinking and design approach in relation to architecture’s inherent nature of materialisation. Opposed to the current prevailing context of a linear building process, design and construction methods are studied through a technical research and a research by design in order to understand the framework and set the related strategies of a Closed Material Cycles architectural approach. A Closed Material Cycles design approach - where materials remain in productive use after their service lifespan as technical and/or biological nutrients- is the researched technical topic, which gives specific directions and outputs for the conduction of a hotel building design proposal in Scheveningen harbour in the city of Den Haag.

Architecture and sustainability are still considered being two single subjects that can’t be linked to each other. The goal of this project is to integrate those two subjects into one building and prove that a sustainable building could be architecture. In this project, the facade in combination with the shape and orientation of the building make it possible to have a very iconic building for this organization and gain all the needed energy at the same time.

The United Nations Environmental Council Headquarter (UNEC), is a sustainable development, which also try to help solving the problem of the amount of green in the city. This project is developed in Manhattan, which is an interesting place with a big moving culture. It is a busy city, with a very high density. The future green vision of the city, is not to connect the whole city with central park, but to extend the central park to its surrounding. The starting point used for the architectural development is designing a complex which is United. The Headquarter design translate the ideas of the UN of being transparent. With a strategical way of designing the sequence of spaces developed. The strength of the context are used and the weaknesses are taken care of. The UNEC is the 6th council of the UN. It will have the power to coordinating the world wide sustainable developments. It will be a central organization that collects, produces, exchange and propagates information about sustainability, concerning social, ecological and economical issues.

Het is crisis, dat zal niemand ontgaan zijn, maar een crisis biedt ook mogelijkheden. We moeten zuiniger en effectiever met ons geld en dus ook gebouwen omgaan. Radicaal slopen is in deze tijden niet meer de enige optie. Renovatie en duurzame nieuwbouw heeft de toekomst. Bij duurzaam bouwen wordt echter vaak gedacht aan zonnepanelen of windmolens op de daken, maar het is zoveel meer. Duurzaam bouwen is bouwen voor de toekomst. Ervoor zorgen dat een gebouw niet alleen voldoet aan de huidige vraag, maar ook aan die van de toekomst. Maar hoe kan een gebouw voldoen aan een vraag die nog niet bestaat? Zeker op waardevolle locaties aan het water is het wenselijk om gebouwen te ontwerpen die voor langere tijd kunnen bestaan. Deze locaties waren tot enkele jaren terug alleen bestemd voor scheepsbouwers en andere industrie, maar hun potentieel begint nu ook tot ontwikkelaars door te dringen. Amsterdam-Noord is hier het perfecte voorbeeld van: Wegtrekkende industrie en een goede verbinding met het centrum door zowel autowegen als watertaxi`s. De “Architecture & Dwelling” afstudeerstudio “At home in the city” van de faculteit Bouwkunde in Delft gaf de mogelijkheid een plan te maken voor één van deze waardevolle waterlocaties: Nieuwendammerham. Om deze locatie maximaal te benutten en te kunnen blijven benutten is bouwen voor de toekomst het hoofdthema. Het gebouw moet daarbij ruimte bieden aan functieveranderingen zonder dat daarvoor grote architectonische en constructieve aanpassingen nodig zijn. De maten van één constructieve beuk zijn hierbij bepalend. Deze beuk, ook wel een “pixel” genoemd, is 10 meter diep; 6 meter breed en 6 meter hoog. De pixel kan worden aangevuld met een tussenverdieping; een gang of scheidingswanden wat leidt tot een grote variëteit in indelingen en functiemogelijkheden. De afwerking van de stalen kolommen en liggers dient tevens als leidingschacht. Dit maakt de plaatsing van natte cellen in elk gedeelte van het gebouw mogelijk. Deze visie wordt doorgetrokken in het woningontwerp. Er bestaat geen standaard type woning voor elk soort bewoner. Wij, als architecten, kunnen slechts een geheel ontwerpen waaraan elke bewoner zijn eigen identiteit kan geven. De architect maakt het doek, de bewoner kleurt het in. Toch is de indeling niet volledig vrij te laten. De architect dient de mogelijkheden van zo`n pixel te onderzoeken en de verschillende indelingen daarvan vast te leggen. Eén van de woningtypes bevat een kern en ondersteunende kastenwanden. De kern, met daarin de trap en natte cellen, verdeeld de woning in twee gelijke ruimtes en de ingebrachte tussenvloer zorgt dat dit op de verdieping wordt herhaald. De indeling van de vier ontstane ruimtes wordt vervolgens bepaald door de visie en achtergrond van de bewoner. Bij een ander woningtype zijn de trap en natte cellen in de wanden geïntegreerd, hetgeen een volledig vrij indeelbare plattegrond oplevert. Door deze variatie in pixels kan de architect bepalen in welke mate de invulling van de bewoner meeweegt. Door deze visie lijkt de rol van de architect in de toekomst beperkt. Niets is echter minder waar. Het is onze taak, bijna onze verplichting, een gebouw te ontwerpen dat aansluit op de locatie. Het is tevens onze taak om plaats te bieden aan al die verschillende functies; identiteiten en meningen en toch de eenheid te behouden. Om terug te komen op de beginvraag: Hoe kan een gebouw voldoen aan een vraag die nog niet bestaat? Ontwerp een kader, geef de mogelijkheden weer, en laat de veelzijdigheid en identiteit van de bewoners het invullen, dan maakt het niet uit in welke tijd het gebouw staat!

When showering, needs of comfort and wellbeing are increasingly valued in the North-Western European culture. However these needs also result in an increase of water and energy consumption. The challenge within this project lies in designing an alternative bathing practice that consumes less water and energy and fits to the lifestyle of North-Western Europeans at the same time.

The aim of this thesis is to redesign strategic modules of toolkit by incorporating do-it-yourself aspect and addressing the real needs of SMEs. Next to this, a web-based tool is developed to improve consultancy process of SPIN to foster implementation of sustainable innovation in SMEs in Vietnam.