The Bui Dam, the second-largest hydropower dam in Ghana, plays a significant role in the sustainable energy mix of the country. It is managed by the Bui Power Authority (BPA) and has a capacity of hydro-clean generation of 404MW, contributing to 17% of the country’s total electricity generation. However, decision-making at the dam lacks the use of predictive models and meteorological measurements. This can lead, in the case of perceived flooding risks and high dam water levels, to valuable water being spilled and endangering the downstream areas. Balancing the tradeoff between energy production and safety can be effectively achieved by implementing predictive models that anticipate peak flows in advance.
Since its commissioning in 2013, the Bui Dam has experienced two instances of emergency spillage, resulting in significant financial losses, property destruction, and displacement of downstream communities. Currently, the reservoir management decision-making process uses two discharge stations upstream, with one of them yielding some unreliable outcomes for high flows. Therefore, it is crucial to prioritize the analysis and updating of rating curves to ensure accurate forecasting.
This research aims to address these limitations by recalibrating the rating curve using the reservoir balance in a conservative manner, i.e. leaning on the safe side to avoid overestimation. Additionally, a conceptual, semi-distributed model was developed simulating high flows, specifically focusing on the years 2019 and 2022 when spillage events occurred. Five different hydrological conceptual models, with three different structures: single, serial, and parallel structures, were tested. The serial model yielded the best results. Then the Black Volta Basin was divided into five sub-catchments, and each sub-catchment was lumped. In the absence of discharge data for the upstream sub-catchments, remote sensing data from GRACE and satellite altimetry (3 virtual stations with data from 2016 to 2022) were used to impose restrictions on the feasible model parameter sets, thereby improving accuracy.
The final model output was calibrated using discharge data obtained from the recalibrated rating curve, along with satellite altimetry data. In the calibrated benchmark case, the model effectively reproduced daily river flows, demonstrating an optimum Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.85 for the period of 2018 to 2022. Subsequently, the model underwent extensive testing under various conditions, including an independent time period without recalibration, different precipitation input sources, transitioning from actual evapotranspiration (AET) to potential evapotranspiration (PET) input, and a change in the testing discharge location. Throughout these testing phases, the model consistently produced favorable results, with NSE values ranging from 0.74 to 0.86.
Furthermore, the model was tested for its progressive predictive capability in simulating the unexpected peak inflows that led to the spillage event in 2019, utilizing iv only precipitation data from the TAHMO precipitation stations, which are openly accessible with near-live timing. The model successfully predicted the occurrence of the large peak inflow, on October 22nd, which ultimately caused the spillage. The model anticipated the occurrence of the ”unexpected” second peak, to some extent, as early as October 12th, providing an 11-day predicting window.
Overall, this research enhances the understanding of the Bui Dam system by implementing a recalibrated rating curve and developing a conceptual model that incorporates remote sensing data. The results demonstrate the model’s capability to simulate past events accurately and predict future inflow patterns, thereby providing valuable insights for effective dam management and spillage prevention.
One significant discovery regarding the character of the Black Volta River at the Bui Dam is the limitation of the prediction period to a strict maximum of two weeks. While the model proves effective within this time-frame, it is advisable for future research to consider incorporating weather predictions to extend this window further. Doing so would enhance the model’s forecasting capabilities and provide even more valuable information for dam operators and decision-makers.