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Sheldon, R.A. (author)
The introduction of the E Factor in 1992 focussed attention on the problem of waste generation, defined as everything but the desired product, in chemicals manufacture and gave rise to a paradigm shift in our concept of efficiency in chemical processes, from one based solely on chemical yield to one that assigns value to eliminating waste....
review 2023
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Sheldon, R.A. (author), Bode, Moira L. (author), Mathebula, Nompumelelo (author)
The discovery that enzymes could function efficiently in organic solvents revolutionized their use in industry but represented a change from the natural “green” solvent, water, to a host of environmentally undesirable solvents. Considerable effort is being devoted to making such processes greener again. Bio-based solvents, derived from waste...
review 2023
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Sheldon, R.A. (author), Bode, Moira L. (author), Akakios, Stephanie G. (author)
The increasingly apparent negative impact of human activities on the environment has heightened the urgency for the chemistry community to adopt greener and more sustainable practices. The E-factor can still be considered a valuable tool in this drive, particularly because of its broad acceptance and familiarity amongst both industrial and...
review 2022
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Pei, Xiaolin (author), Luo, Zhiyuan (author), Qiao, Li (author), Xiao, Qinjie (author), Zhang, Pengfei (author), Wang, Anming (author), Sheldon, R.A. (author)
The covalent immobilisation of enzymes generally involves the use of highly reactive crosslinkers, such as glutaraldehyde, to couple enzyme molecules to each other or to carriers through, for example, the free amino groups of lysine residues, on the enzyme surface. Unfortunately, such methods suffer from a lack of precision. Random formation...
review 2022
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Sheldon, R.A. (author), Brady, Dean (author)
In the movement to decarbonize our economy and move away from fossil fuels we will need to harness the waste products of our activities, such as waste lignocellulose, methane, and carbon dioxide. Our wastes need to be integrated into a circular economy where used products are recycled into a manufacturing carbon cycle. Key to this will be the...
review 2022
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Sheldon, R.A. (author), Basso, Alessandra (author), Brady, Dean (author)
This tutorial review focuses on recent advances in technologies for enzyme immobilisation, enabling their cost-effective use in the bio-based economy and continuous processing in general. The application of enzymes, particularly in aqueous media, is generally on a single use, throw-away basis which is neither cost-effective nor compatible...
review 2021
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Sheldon, R.A. (author), Norton, Michael (author)
The linear economy for plastic packaging, which currently leads to excessive carbon dioxide emissions and leakage into the environment, needs to be reformed to a greener circular model which is resource efficient and environmentally benign. This requires a system-wide redesigning of rules and incentives that apply to the plastics value chain,...
review 2020
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Sheldon, R.A. (author), Brady, Dean (author), Bode, ML (author)
Enzymes are excellent catalysts that are increasingly being used in industry and academia. This perspectiveis primarily aimed at synthetic organic chemists with limited experience using enzymes and providesa general and practical guide to enzymes and their synthetic potential, with particular focus on recentapplications
review 2020
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Sheldon, R.A. (author)
The role of bio- and chemo-catalytic aerobic oxidations in the production of commodity chemicals in a bio-refinery is reviewed. The situation is fundamentally different to that in a petrochemicals refinery where the feedstocks are gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons that are oxidized at elevated temperatures in the vapor or liquid phase under...
review 2020
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Sheldon, R.A. (author)
The pressing need for climate change mitigation has focused attention on reducing global emissions of carbon dioxide by effectuating the transition from fossil-based chemicals manufacture to a carbon neutral alternative based on lignocellulosic waste. The first step involves fractionation of the lignocellulose into cellulose, hemicellulose,...
review 2018
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Sheldon, R.A. (author), Woodley, John M. (author)
Based on the principles and metrics of green chemistry and sustainable development, biocatalysis is both a green and sustainable technology. This is largely a result of the spectacular advances in molecular biology and biotechnology achieved in the past two decades. Protein engineering has enabled the optimization of existing enzymes and the...
review 2018
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Sheldon, R.A. (author)
The first green chemistry metrics - the E factor (kgs waste/kg product) and atom economy (mol wt of product/sum of mol wts of starting materials) - were introduced in the early 1990s and were actually green chemistry avant la lettre. In the last two decades, these two metrics have been adopted worldwide by both academia and industry. The E...
review 2018
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Sheldon, R.A. (author)
The conversion of sugars, derived from waste polysaccharide biomass, to commodity chemicals by fermentation or catalytic hydrogenation, oxidation or dehydration or combinations thereof are reviewed.
review 2018
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