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Groot, D.J. (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
Conventional Air Traffic Control is still predominantly being done by human Air Traffic Controllers, however, as the traffic density increases, the workload of the controllers increases as well. Especially for the area of unmanned aviation, driven by the rise in drones, having human controllers might become unfeasible. One of the methods that...
journal article 2024
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Badea, C. (author), Morfin Veytia, A. (author), Patrinopoulou, Niki (author), Daramouskas, Ioannis (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Lappas, Vaios (author), Kostopoulos, Vassilios (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
The use of small aircraft for a wide range of missions in urban airspace is expected to increase in the future. In Europe, efforts have been invested into developing a unified system, called U-space, to manage aircraft in dense very-low-level urban airspace. The Metropolis II project aimed to research what degree of centralisation an air traffic...
journal article 2023
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Morfin Veytia, A. (author), Badea, C. (author), Patrinopoulou, Niki (author), Daramouskas, Ioannis (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Lappas, Vaios (author), Kostopoulos, Vassilios (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
The interest in urban air mobility as a potential solution for urban congestion is steadily growing. Air operations in urban areas can present added complexity as compared with traditional air traffic management. As a result, it is necessary to test and develop novel airspace designs and rules. As airspace in urban areas is a scarce resource,...
journal article 2023
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Groot, D.J. (author), Ribeiro, M.J. (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
The number of unmanned aircraft operating in the airspace is expected to grow exponentially during the next decades. This will likely lead to traffic densities that are higher than those currently observed in civil and general aviation, and might require both a different airspace structure compared to conventional aviation, as well as different...
conference paper 2023
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Patrinopoulou, Niki (author), Daramouskas, Ioannis (author), Badea, Calin Andrei (author), Morfin Veytia, A. (author), Lappas, Vaios (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author), Kostopoulos, Vassilios (author)
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) is an active research subject as its proposed applications are increasing. UTM aims to enable a variety of UAS operations, including package delivery, infrastructure inspection, and emergency missions. That creates the need for extensive research on how to incorporate such traffic, as...
journal article 2023
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Doole, M.M. (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
Package delivery via autonomous drones is often presumed to hold commercial and societal value when applied to urban environments. However, to realise the benefits, the challenge of safely managing high traffic densities of drones in heavily constrained urban spaces needs to be addressed. This paper applies the principles of traffic segmentation...
journal article 2022
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Ribeiro, M.J. (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
Current predictions on future drone operations estimate that traffic density orders of magnitude will be higher than any observed in manned aviation. Such densities redirect the focus towards elements that can decrease conflict rate and severity, with special emphasis on airspace structures, an element that has been overlooked within...
journal article 2022
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Ribeiro, M.J. (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
Current predictions for future operations with drones estimate traffic densities orders of magnitude higher than any observed in manned aviation. Such densities call for further research and innovation, in particular, into conflict detection and resolution without the need for human intervention. The layered airspace concept, where aircraft...
journal article 2022
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Groot, D.J. (author), Ribeiro, M.J. (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
Current estimates show that the presence of unmanned aviation is likely to grow exponentially over the course of the next decades. Even with the more conservative estimates, these expected high traffic densities require a re-evaluation of the airspace structure to ensure safe and efficient operations. One structure that scored high on both the...
conference paper 2022
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Badea, C. (author), Groot, D.J. (author), Morfin Veytia, A. (author), Ribeiro, M.J. (author), Dalmau, Ramon (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
Air traffic demand has increased at an unprecedented rate in the last decade (albeit interrupted by the COVID pandemic), but capacity has not increased at the same rate. Higher levels of automation and the implementation of decision-support tools for air traffic controllers could help increase capacity and catch up with demand. The air traffic...
conference paper 2022
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Ribeiro, M.J. (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
Future high traffic densities with drone operations are expected to exceed the number of aircraft that current air traffic control procedures can control simultaneously. Despite extensive research on geometric CR methods, at higher densities, their performance is hindered by the unpredictable emergent behaviour from surrounding aircraft. In...
journal article 2022
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Morfin Veytia, A. (author), Badea, C. (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author), Patrinopoulou, N. (author), Daramouskas, I. (author), Lappas, V. (author), Kostopoulos, Vassilis (author), de Vries, Vincent (author)
The Metropolis II project aimed to study the impact of centralised separation management for urban aerial mobility. Three concepts were developed in this study: a fully centralised, strategically separated concept, a hybrid concept featuring cen- tralised strategic separation and distributed tactical separation, and a fully distributed tactical...
conference paper 2022
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Giliam, M.A. (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Badea, C. (author), Morfin Veytia, A. (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
In order to enable the safe and efficient integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles into very low level airspace, current day research focuses on the development of new traffic services and procedures. One of these is the geovectoring protocol, which aims to reduce traffic complexity by setting limits on the allowed ground speed, course, and...
conference paper 2022
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Morfin Veytia, A. (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
The rate of urbanization is expected to continue increasing. This has led to an interest in using drones and air taxis for urban transportation in place of the current methods, which often lead to road congestion. In most places urban air operations will happen above buildings. However, in many cities with large skyscrapers it may not be...
conference paper 2022
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Groot, D.J. (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
Over the next decades, it is expected that the number of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operating in the airspace will grow rapidly. Both the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) and the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation) have already stated that aircraft operating autonomously or beyond their operators’ line of sight are...
conference paper 2022
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Badea, C. (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
The interest for using small aircraft for missions in urban airspace is growing for applications like parcel deliveries. Research shows that conventional airspace structure and conflict detection and resolution techniques are not suitable for main- taining a high level of safety in constrained urban environments, especially when aircraft are...
conference paper 2022
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Groot, D.J. (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
Deep Reinforcement Learning has seen more usage in the field of Air Traffic Control over the last couple of years. As the number of aircraft in a given sector of airspace is not constant, there is a need for methods to be invariant to the number of agents in the system. Often this is done by making a selection of the aircraft that will be...
conference paper 2022
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Patrinopoulou, N. (author), Daramouskas, I. (author), Lappas, V. (author), Morfin Veytia, A. (author), Badea, C. (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author), De Vries, V. (author), Van Ham, J. (author)
Metropolis II aims to provide insights in what is needed to enable high-density urban air operations. It does this by investigating the foundation for U-space U3/U4 services. The final goal is to provide a unified approach for strategic deconfliction, tactical deconfliction, and dynamic capacity management. Highly-dense operations in...
conference paper 2022
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Ribeiro, M.J. (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
Future operations involving drones are expected to result in traffic densities that are orders of magnitude higher than any observed in manned aviation. Current geometric conflict resolution (CR) methods have proven to be very efficient at relatively moderate densities. However, at higher densities, performance is hindered by the...
journal article 2022
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Ribeiro, M.J. (author), Ellerbroek, Joost (author), Hoekstra, J.M. (author)
Current investigations into urban aerial mobility, as well as the continuing growth of global air transportation, have renewed interest in conflict detection and resolution (CD&R) methods. The use of drones for applications such as package delivery, would result in traffic densities that are orders of magnitude higher than those currently...
journal article 2021
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