Stability of Iceland type berm breakwaters

A major part of the breakwaters constructed in the world are the so-called conventional rouble mound breakwaters, which consist of a core, a filter layer and a heavy armour layer. An alternative to the conventional rouble mound breakwater is a berm breakwater. Berm breakwaters have mainly developed in two directions over the last couple of...

Armour layer stability on a bermed slope breakwater

In coastal regions where the land is sensitive to erosion, but also for harbours and ports, numerous types of defensive structures have been developed to protect it from the effects of incident waves. More recently breakwaters have been constructed which combine the stability characteristics of a conventional two-layered uniform sloped...