Reclaiming Istanbul: Reviving the Public Sphere Through Infrastructure

Since the introduction of the coffee houses, Istanbul gained an important element to form a public sphere. These places enhanced the forming of a public opinion which is a crucial aspect of a democratic society. In the Ottoman empire these places were even seen as a nest for the opposition. Nowadays public spaces are threatened by a...

Los Angeles: The metropolis and five stages of modernity

‘the metropolis and five stages of modernity’ is an explorative research on contemporary ecologies and the historic (re)-emergence of public domain, infrastructure and urban form in Los Angeles