Modeling of the exhaust plume of a submerged exhaust system: A numerical analysis of a submarine exhaust

The Royal Netherlands Navy (RNN) operates four diesel-electric submarines, the Walrus class. The submarines sail submerged on electric engines and periodically recharge the batteries with diesel engines at periscope depth. The exhaust gases are dispelled at the back of the sail below water level. During the sea trials it was observed that the...