Provision of Ramp-rate Limitation as Ancillary Service from Distribution to Transmission System: Definitions and Methodologies for Control and Sizing of Central Battery Energy Storage System

The variability of the output power of distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs) that originate from the fast-changing climatic conditions can negatively affect the grid stability. Therefore, grid operators have incorporated ramp-rate limitations (RRLs) for the injected DRES power in the grid codes. As the DRES penetration levels increase,...

Electricity Markets for Direct Current Distribution Systems

Direct current distribution systems (DCDS) are a promising alternative to alternating current (AC) systems because they remove AC--DC conversion between sources and loads that cause energy losses. Compared to AC systems, a DCDS has higher power capacity, energy efficiency and reliability, and no need for synchronisation---suitable where a large...

Integrated PV Charging of EV Fleet Based on Energy Prices, V2G and Offer of Reserves

Workplace charging of electric vehicles (EV) from photovoltaic (PV) panels installed on an office building can provide several benefits. This includes the local production and use of PV energy for charging the EV and making use of dynamic tariffs from the grid to schedule the energy exchange with the grid. The long parking time at the workplace...

Markets for Direct Current Distribution Systems: Towards Energy-based vs Flex-based Designs

Direct Current Distribution System (DCDS), a promising alternative to existing AC systems, connect customers to DC energy sources without AC/DC conversion. The unique features of DC, including the power-voltage coupling effect, impose different requirements to DCDS operation compared to AC. Addressing a liberalized energy market, this paper...

Electricity Market for Direct Current Distribution Systems: Exploring the Design Space

Direct current distribution systems (DCDS), which connect local prosumers directly to community grids without AC/DC conversions, are a promising alternative to AC systems. While regulations call for market-based operation, existing markets for AC systems do not meet DC requirements and cannot be applied to a DCDS. This paper develops a design...

Toward the Universal DC Distribution System

AbstractDue to an increasing number of power generation units and load devices operating with direct current (DC) at distribution level, there is a potential benefit of leading efforts toward building a DC distribution system. However, the implementation of DC distribution systems faces important challenges, including the market inertia of AC...