Maximum power of saline and fresh water mixing in estuaries

According to Kleidon (2016), natural systems evolve towards a state of maximum power, leading to higher levels of entropy production by different mechanisms, including gravitational circulation in alluvial estuaries. Gravitational circulation is driven by the potential energy of fresh water. Due to the density difference between seawater and...

Seasonal behaviour of tidal damping and residual water level slope in the Yangtze River estuary: Identifying the critical position and river discharge for maximum tidal damping

As a tide propagates into the estuary, river discharge affects tidal damping, primarily via a friction term, attenuating tidal motion by increasing the quadratic velocity in the numerator, while reducing the effective friction by increasing the water depth in the denominator. For the first time, we demonstrate a third effect of river discharge...

Thermodynamics of saline and fresh water mixing in estuaries

The mixing of saline and fresh water is a process of energy dissipation. The freshwater flow that enters an estuary from the river contains potential energy with respect to the saline ocean water. This potential energy is able to perform work. Looking from the ocean to the river, there is a gradual transition from saline to fresh water and an...

The physics behind Van der Burgh's empirical equation, providing a new predictive equation for salinity intrusion in estuaries

The practical value of the surprisingly simple Van der Burgh equation in predicting saline water intrusion in alluvial estuaries is well documented, but the physical foundation of the equation is still weak. In this paper we provide a connection between the empirical equation and the theoretical literature, leading to a theoretical range of...

High charge carrier mobility and efficient charge separation in highly soluble perylenetetracarboxyl-diimides

In this communication we report on the synthesis and charge mobility of highly soluble perylenebisimid derivatives.We show that introduction of alkylester side chains results in compounds combining a high solubility with charge mobilities up to 0.22 cm2 V_1 s_1. These materials are therefore interesting as an electron acceptor for solution...

An analytical solution for tidal propagation in the Yangtze Estuary, China

An analytical model for tidal dynamics has been applied to the Yangtze Estuary for the first time, to describe the tidal propagation in this large and typically branched estuary with three-order branches and four outlets to the sea. This study shows that the analytical model developed for a single-channel estuary can also accurately describe the...

Modelling subsurface storm flow with the Representative Elementary Watershed (REW) approach: Application to the Alzette River Basin

Rainfall-runoff modelling in a catchment with a complex groundwater flow system: Application of the representative ElementaryWatershed (REW) approach