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Versteeg, Rogier (author), Pool, D.M. (author), Mulder, Max (author)
This article discusses a long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network that uses raw time-domain data obtained in compensatory tracking tasks as input features for classifying (the adaptation of) human manual control with single- and double-integrator controlled element dynamics. Data from two different experiments were used to train...
journal article 2024
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de Jong, M.A. (author), Pool, D.M. (author), Mulder, Max (author)
Mathematical human controller (HC) models are widely used in tuning manual control systems and for understanding human performance. Typically, quasi-linear HC models are used, which can accurately capture the linear portion of HCs' behavior, averaged over a long measurement window. This paper presents a deep learning HC skill-level evaluation...
journal article 2022
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van Ham, Jacomijn M. (author), Pool, D.M. (author), Mulder, Max (author)
This paper presents the results of an experiment that was performed to verify the 'supervisory control algorithm', a well-known model of human operator adaptation to changes in controlled element dynamics. This model proposes that human adaptive behavior is triggered once the magnitudes of the tracking error or error rate exceed certain...
journal article 2022
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Mulder, Max (author), Pool, D.M. (author), van der El, Kasper (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author)
Mathematical human control models are widely used in tuning manual control systems and understanding human performance. Human behavior is commonly described using linear time-invariant models, averaging-out all non-linear and time-varying effects, which are gathered into the remnant. These models are limited in their capability to capture...
journal article 2022
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Barendswaard, S. (author), Pool, D.M. (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author), Mulder, Max (author)
Vehicle control tasks require simultaneous control of multiple degrees-of-freedom. Most multi-axis human-control modeling is limited to the modeling of multiple fully independent single axes. This paper contributes to the understanding of multi-axis control behavior and draws a more realistic and complete picture of dual-axis manual control....
journal article 2019
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Rojer, Jim (author), Pool, D.M. (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author), Mulder, Max (author)
This paper describes a novel method for time-varying identification of Human Controller (HC) manual control parameters (called UKF-FPV), based on a steady-state (constant state covariance) Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). This approach requires no a priori assumptions on the shape of HC parameter variations, which is a potential advantage over...
journal article 2019
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Mulder, Max (author), Pool, D.M. (author), van der El, Kasper (author), Drop, F.M. (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author)
Mathematical control models are widely used in tuning manual control systems and understanding human performance. The most common model, the crossover model, is severely limited, however, in describing realistic human control behaviour in relevant control tasks as it is only valid for tracking with a compensatory display. This paper first...
journal article 2019
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Willems, M. (author), Pool, D.M. (author), van der El, Kasper (author), Damveld, H.J. (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author), Mulder, Max (author)
Human modelling approaches are typically limited to feedback-only, compensatory tracking tasks. Advances in system identification techniques allow us to consider more realistic tasks that involve feedforward and even precognitive control. In this paper we study the human development of a feedforward control response while learning to...
journal article 2019
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Kolff, M.J.C. (author), van der El, Kasper (author), Pool, D.M. (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author), Mulder, Max (author)
The understanding of human responses to visual information in car driving tasks requires the use of system identification tools that put constraints on the design of data collection experiments. Most importantly, multisine perturbation signals are required, including a multisine road geometry, to separately identify the different driver...
journal article 2019
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Drop, F.M. (author), Pool, D.M. (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author), Mulder, Max (author), Bulthoff, Heinrich H. (author)
The human controller (HC) in manual control of a dynamical system often follows a visible and predictable reference path (target). The HC can adopt a control strategy combining closed-loop feedback and an open-loop feedforward response. The effects of the target signal waveform shape and the system dynamics on the human feedforward dynamics...
journal article 2018
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van der El, Kasper (author), Pool, D.M. (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author), Mulder, Max (author)
Due to linear perspective, the visual stimulus provided by a previewed reference trajectory reduces with increasing distance ahead. This paper investigates the effects of linear perspective on human use of preview in manual control tasks. Results of a human-in-the-loop tracking experiment are presented, where the linear perspective&#x0027...
journal article 2018
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Wolters, Joris P. M. A. (author), van der El, Kasper (author), Damveld, H.J. (author), Pool, D.M. (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author), Mulder, Max (author)
This paper investigates the effects of simulator motion on driver steering performance, and how this depends on the available visual information and external disturbances such as wind gusts. A human-in-the-loop driving experiment was performed in which twelve participants steered a fixedvelocity car to follow a winding road (target tracking, TT)...
conference paper 2018
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Mulder, Max (author), Pool, D.M. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author), Boer, E.R. (author), Zaal, P.M.T. (author), Drop, F.M. (author), van der El, Kasper (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author)
Manual control cybernetics aims to understand and describe how humans control vehicles and devices using mathematical models of human control dynamics. This “cybernetic approach” enables objective and quantitative comparisons of human behavior, and allows a systematic optimization of human control interfaces and training...
journal article 2017
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Drop, F.M. (author), Pool, D.M. (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author), Mulder, Max (author), Bülthoff, Heinrich H. (author)
Realistic manual control tasks typically involve predictable target signals and random disturbances. The human controller (HC) is hypothesized to use a feedforward control strategy for target-following, in addition to feedback control for disturbance-rejection. Little is known about human feedforward control, partly because common system...
journal article 2017
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Drop, F.M. (author), Pool, D.M. (author), Mulder, Max (author), Bülthoff, Heinrich H. (author)
The human controller (HC) can greatly improve target-tracking performance by utilizing a feedforward operation on the target signal, in addition to a feedback response. System identification methods are used to determine the correct HC model structure: purely feedback or a combined feedforward/feedback model. In this paper, we investigate three...
journal article 2016
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Drop, F.M. (author), Mulder, Max (author), Bülthoff, Heinrich H. (author), de Vries, R. (author)
In the manual control of a dynamic system, the human controller (HC) is often required to follow a visible and predictable reference path. Using the predictable aspect of a reference signal, through applying feedforward control, the HC can significantly improve performance as compared to a purely feedback control strategy. A proper definition of...
journal article 2016
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Barendswaard, S. (author), Pool, D.M. (author), Mulder, Max (author)
While many realistic manual control tasks require human operators to control multiple degrees-of-freedomsimultaneously, our understanding of such multi-axis manual control has not moved far beyond considering it simply as the control of multiple fully-independent axes. This investigation aims to further our understanding of multi-axis control by...
conference paper 2016
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Mulder, Max (author), Pool, D.M. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author), Boer, E.R. (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author)
Manual control cybernetics aims to understand and describe how humans control vehicles and devices, such that more effective human-machine interfaces can be designed. Current cybernetics theory is primarily based on technology and analysis methods developed in the 1960s and has shown to be limited in its capability to capture the full breadth of...
conference paper 2016
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Popovici, A (author), Zaal, P.M.T. (author), Pool, D.M. (author), Mulder, Max (author)
This study attempts to partially explain the characteristics of the human perceptual remnant, following Levison’s representation of the remnant as an equivalent observation noise. Eye activity parameters are recorded using an eye tracker in two compensatory tracking tasks in which the visual information is presented using either a first or...
conference paper 2016
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van der El, K. (author), Barendswaard, S. (author), Pool, D.M. (author), Mulder, Max (author)
In many practical control tasks, human controllers (HC) can preview the trajectory they must follow in the near future. This paper investigates the effects of the length of previewed target trajectory, or preview time, on HC behavior in rate tracking tasks. To do so, a human-in-the-loop experiment was performed, consisting of a combined target...
conference paper 2016
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