Sensing and Machine Learning for Automotive Perception: A Review

Automotive perception involves understanding the external driving environment and the internal state of the vehicle cabin and occupants using sensor data. It is critical to achieving high levels of safety and autonomy in driving. This article provides an overview of different sensor modalities, such as cameras, radars, and light detection and...

High-Performance Back-Illuminated Three-Dimensional Stacked Single-Photon Avalanche Diode Implemented in 45-nm CMOS Technology

We present a high-performance back-illuminated three-dimensional stacked single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), which is implemented in 45-nm CMOS technology for the first time. The SPAD is based on a P⁺/Deep N-well junction with a circular shape, for which N-well is intentionally excluded to achieve a wide depletion region, thus...

Separation of Ground and Low Vegetation Signatures in LiDAR Measurements of Salt-Marsh Environments

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has been shown to have a great potential in the accurate characterization of forest systems; however, its application to salt-marsh environments is challenging because the characteristic short vegetation does not give rise to detectable differences between first and last LiDAR returns. Furthermore, the lack of...