Shaping decisions and processes for more sustainable urban environments

To know whether eco-cities or, indeed, any so-called sustainable urban environment, will be successful, an understanding is needed about how such places 'come into being'. Understanding how decisions have been made, who makes them and when and how they are made is crucial to ensuring that the 'right' people have been involved at 'right' time. In...

Overview of Methods for Multi-Level and/or Multi-Disciplinary Optimization

Multi-level optimization and multi-disciplinary optimization are areas of research that are concerned with developing efficient analysis and optimization techniques for complex systems that are made up of coupled elements (components). Within the field of multilevel optimization and multi-disciplinary optimization a large number of techniques...

A Unified Approach towards Decomposition and Coordination for Multi-level Optimization

Complex systems, such as those encountered in aerospace engineering, can typically be considered as a hierarchy of individual coupled elements. This hierarchy is reflected in the analysis techniques that are used to analyze the physcial characteristics of the system. Consequently, a hierarchy of coupled models is to be used, accounting for...