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Schrama, F.N.H. (author), Beunder, Elisabeth M. (author), Emami, Ali (author), Barnes, Chris M. (author), van Boggelen, Johan W.K. (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Boom, R. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
The HIsarna process is one of the emerging low-CO<sub>2</sub> ironmaking processes that could help the steel industry in achieving their carbon footprint goals. HIsarna hot metal contains 3–4 times more sulfur than hot metal from blast furnaces (BFs). Therefore, a literature study, a thermodynamic analysis, and plant data analysis from Tata...
journal article 2021
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Schrama, F.N.H. (author), Beunder, Elisabeth M. (author), Panda, Sourav K. (author), Visser, Hessel Jan (author), Moosavi-Khoonsari, Elmira (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Boom, R. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
In hot metal desulphurisation (HMD) the slag will hold the removed sulphur. However, the iron that is lost when the slag is skimmed off, accounts for the highest costs of the HMD process. These iron losses are lower when the slag has a lower viscosity, which can be achieved by changing the slag composition. A lower slag basicity decreases the...
journal article 2021
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Schrama, F.N.H. (author), Beunder, Elisabeth M. (author), Panda, Sourav K. (author), Visser, Hessel Jan (author), Moosavi-Khoonsari, Elmira (author), Hunt, Adam (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Boom, R. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
The optimal hot metal desulphurisation (HMD) slag is defined as a slag with a sufficient sulphur removal capacity and a low apparent viscosity (η<sub>slag</sub>) which leads to low iron losses. In part I of this study, the fundamentals behind the optimal slag were discussed. In this part these fundamentals are explored by a Monte Carlo...
journal article 2021
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Chen, Z. (author), Zeilstra, Christiaan (author), van der Stel, Jan (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
Suspension reduction kinetics of hematite ore particles at 1710 K to 1785 K was described by the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model with Avrami exponent of 1.405. The apparent activation energy is 105.5 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> with the rate determining step of nucleation and growth. The reduction degree of the hematite at the endpoint is a...
journal article 2021
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Chen, Z. (author), Zeilstra, Christiaan (author), van der Stel, Jan (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
In order to understand the pre-reduction behaviour of fine hematite particles in the HIsarna process, change of morphology, phase and crystallography during the reduction were investigated in the high temperature drop tube furnace. Polycrystalline magnetite shell formed within 200 ms during the reduction. The grain size of the magnetite is in...
journal article 2021
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Chen, Z. (author), Zeilstra, Christiaan (author), van der Stel, Jan (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
In order to understand the thermal decomposition kinetics of hematite particles in inert atmosphere, thermogravimetriy was employed for isoconversional analysis. The kinetic triplet was estimated from the experimental data and the isothermal reaction kinetics was predicted. The results indicated that the thermal decomposition could be divided...
journal article 2020
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Schrama, F.N.H. (author), Ji, Fuzhong (author), Hunt, Adam (author), Beunder, Elisabeth M. (author), Woolf, Rhian (author), Tuling, Alison (author), Warren, Peter (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Boom, R. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
To lower the iron losses of the hot metal desulphurisation (HMD) process, slag modifiers can be added to the slag. Slag modifiers decrease the apparent viscosity of the HMD slag. Most common slag modifiers in industry contain fluoride as a fluidiser. However, fluoride leads to a higher magnesium consumption and has health, safety and...
journal article 2020
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Chen, Z. (author), Zeilstra, Christiaan (author), van der Stel, Jan (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
High-temperature reduction processes of iron oxide particles suspension are promising in carbon emission abatement. Recently, researchers have contributed abundant knowledge of the reaction mechanism and kinetics of iron oxide particles above 1473 K, while there was very limited information 10 years ago. Although the understanding of the high...
review 2020
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Gavel, D.J. (author), Adema, Allert (author), van der Stel, Jan (author), Peeters, Tim (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Boom, R. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
Physicochemical behaviour of the pellets, sinters and its mixture (60% pellets: 40% sinter) is investigated by a series of smelting and quenching experiments. For all ferrous raw-material beds, three distinct stages of bed shrinkage occur due to indirect reduction, softening and melting. However, the characteristic nature (displacement,...
journal article 2020
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Gavel, D.J. (author), Adema, A.T. (author), van der Stel, Jan (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Boom, R. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
Effect of nut coke addition with ferrous burden (pellet and sinter mixture) is experimentally investigated under simulated blast furnace conditions. Nut coke mixing degree was varied (0, 20 and 40 wt-%) as a replacement of the regular coke. During smelting, the ferrous bed evolves through three distinct stages of shrinkage due to indirect...
journal article 2020
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Gavel, D.J. (author), Adema, A.T. (author), van der Stel, Jan (author), Kwakernaak, C. (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Boom, R. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
The melting and dripping behaviour of an iron ore pellet bed mixed with nut coke are investigated through a series of quenching, melting and dripping experiments. In the melting bed of iron ore pellets, nut coke acts as a frame to maintain the passage for the gas flow. The iron carburisation level of the pellet shell is found to control the...
journal article 2019
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Schrama, F.N.H. (author), Beunder, Elisabeth M. (author), Visser, H. (author), Boom, R. (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
During the magnesium-lime co-injection process for hot metal desulphurisation, graphite can precipitate as a result of carbon oversaturation. The formed graphite is known to form a layer between the slag and the hot metal. This potentially blocks the sulphides, that are formed during the desulphurisation process, to reach the slag phase thus...
conference paper 2019
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Chen, Z. (author), Qu, Ying xia (author), Zeilstra, Christiaan (author), Van Der Stel, Jan (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
HIsarna is a promising ironmaking technology to reduce CO <sub>2</sub> emission. Information of phase transformation is essential for reaction analysis of the cyclone reactor of the HIsarna process. In addition, data of density and volume of the ore particles are necessary for estimation of the residence time of the particles in the cyclone...
journal article 2019
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Schrama, F.N.H. (author), Beunder, Elisabeth M. (author), Visser, H. (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Boom, R. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
Carbon may precipitate during the hot metal desulfurization (HMD) process as a result of carbon oversaturation because of temperature decrease. The precipitated carbon flakes form a layer between hot metal and slag. It is postulated that this carbon layer hampers desulfurization with magnesium by preventing MgS particles from reaching the...
journal article 2019
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Gavel, D.J. (author), Adema, A.T. (author), Stel, Jan Van Der (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Boom, R. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
One of the primary causes that limit the blast furnace productivity is the resistance exerted to the gas flow in the cohesive zone by the ferrous burden. Use of nut coke (10–40 mm) together with ferrous burden proves beneficial for decreasing this resistance. In present study, effect of nut coke addition on the olivine fluxed iron ore pellet...
journal article 2019
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Schrama, F.N.H. (author), Beunder, Elisabeth M. (author), Ji, Fuzhong (author), Woolf, Rhian (author), Barnes, Chris (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Boom, R. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
At the hot metal desulphurisation (HMD) stations of Tata Steel’s BOS plant in Port Talbot (UK), KAlF4 is injected together with magnesium in order to increase the fluidity of the slag and thus to decrease the iron loss. Although KAlF4 is successfully contributing to a lower iron loss during HMD, it also has a negative effect on the...
conference paper 2018
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Chen, Z. (author), Qu, Yingxia (author), Zeilstra, Christiaan (author), van der Stel, Jan (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
Melting and reduction of fine iron ore particles in the gas environment of a HIsarna smelting cyclone is a critically important topic, but very limited information is currently available except for some experimental data from high temperature drop tube furnace (HTDF). This work discusses the equilibrium state of reacting iron ore in the HTDF...
journal article 2018
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Peelman, S. (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
Neodymium is a critical element used in many high-tech applications. However, despite this, the EU is entirely dependent on China for its Nd supply. This has driven the EU to develop recycling strategies to recover its Nd from end-of-life (EoL) products and wastes, and establish a domestic supply. This paper proposes a process to recycle Nd from...
journal article 2018
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Peelman, S. (author), Kooijman, D. (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
The present study proposes three distinct processes to recycle rare earth elements (REE) from two low-grade secondary resources: REE-containing mine tailings and ferrous scrap from shredded waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The first developed process extracts both REE and phosphorus from the apatite mineral contained within...
journal article 2018
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Gavel, D.J. (author), Song, Qingshi (author), Adema, A.T. (author), van der Stel, Jan (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Boom, R. (author), Yang, Y. (author)
In the blast furnace, nut coke is utilized in a mixture with the ferrous burden to improve the gas permeability. Although applied in a broad range (10–40 mm, 2–23 wt-%), limited information is available on changed burden behaviour in its presence. In the present study, the detailed characterization was performed on the iron ore pellets quenched...
journal article 2018
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