Bacteriophage DNA glucosylation impairs target DNA binding by type I and II but not by type V CRISPR–Cas effector complexes

Prokaryotes encode various host defense systems that provide protection against mobile genetic elements. Restriction–modification (R–M) and CRISPR–Cas systems mediate host defense by sequence specific targeting of invasive DNA. T-even bacteriophages employ covalent modifications of nucleobases to avoid binding and therefore cleavage of their...