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Desai, R.R. (author), Cvetković, M. (author), Papaioannou, G. (author), Happee, R. (author)Due to the complexity of the human body and its neuromuscular stabilization, it has been challenging to efficiently and accurately predict human motion and capture posture while being driven. Existing simple models of the seated human body are mostly two-dimensional and developed in the mid-sagittal plane exposed to in-plane excitation. Such...conference paper 2023
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Roth, M. (author), Stapel, J.C.J. (author), Happee, R. (author), Gavrila, D. (author)We present a novel method for vehicle-pedestrian path prediction that takes into account the awareness of the driver and the pedestrian towards each other. The method jointly models the paths of vehicle and pedestrian within a single Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN). In this DBN, sub-graphs model the environment and entity-specific context cues...journal article 2022
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Dialynas, G. (author), Christoforidis, Christos (author), Happee, R. (author), Schwab, A.L. (author)Experiments and human rider models were used to investigate bicycle balance and steering using visuo/vestibular motion and proprioceptive feedback taking into account sensory delays. An instrumented steer-by-wire bicycle designed and built at the TU Delft bicycle laboratory was used to investigate rider responses with and with reduced...journal article 2022
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Damian, Mircea (author), Shyrokau, B. (author), Carrera Akutain, Xabier (author), Happee, R. (author)A realistic steering feel is one of the key elements to guarantee fidelity on a driving simulator in general, and in particular to replicate on-centre vehicle handling. This requires precise modelling of the steering dynamics, a high bandwidth control loading system, and coupling of virtual and physical components in agreement with...journal article 2022
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Tabone, W. (author), Happee, R. (author), García De Pedro, Jorge (author), Lee, Yee Mun (author), Lupetti, M.L. (author), Merat, Natasha (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Nine AR interfaces designed using an experience- based, and theoretically informed design approach, were presented in an online questionnaire for user evaluation.<br/>Statistical analysis of presented measures, and the computation of an overall composite score revealed a preference towards traditional and familiar traffic elements.poster 2022
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Kim, S. (author), Kabbani, T. (author), Serbes, D. (author), Happee, R. (author), Hartavi, A. (author), van Egmond, R. (author)Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) aim to support the interaction between automated vehicles and drivers to improve safety and driver experience. With the development of automated vehicles, drivers interact with vehicles in new scenarios. In addition to visual modality, sound is the other modality often used in vehicles. Previously, sounds were...conference paper 2022
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Stapel, J.C.J. (author), Gentner, Alexandre (author), Happee, R. (author)To encourage appropriate use of driving automation, we need to understand and monitor driver's trust and risk perception. We examined (1) how trust and perceived risk are affected by automation, driving conditions and experience and (2) how well perceived risk can be inferred from behaviour and physiology at three levels: over traffic...journal article 2022
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de Winkel, K.N. (author), Talsma, Tessa M.W. (author), Happee, R. (author)Driving simulators are an increasingly important tool to develop vehicle functionalities and to study driver or passenger responses. A major hindrance to the use and validity of such studies is Simulator Sickness (SS). Several studies have suggested a positive relation between improvements in simulator fidelity and the likelihood of sickness....review 2022
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Bertipaglia, A. (author), Shyrokau, B. (author), Alirezaei, Mohsen (author), Happee, R. (author)This paper presents a novel methodology to auto-tune an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). It involves using a Two-Stage Bayesian Optimisation (TSBO), based on a t-Student Process to optimise the process noise parameters of a UKF for vehicle sideslip angle estimation. Our method minimises performance metrics, given by the average sum of the states’...conference paper 2022
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Mirakhorlo, M. (author), Kluft, N. (author), Shyrokau, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)Vibration transmission is essential in the design of comfortable vehicle seats but knowledge is lacking on 3D trunk and head motion and the role of seat back and posture. We hypothesized that head motion is reduced when participants’ upper back is unsupported, as this stimulates active postural control. We developed an experimental...journal article 2022
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Grottoli, M. (author), Mulder, Max (author), Happee, R. (author)The use of driving simulators for training and for development of new vehicles is widely spread in the automotive industry. In the last decade, a few motorcycle riding simulators have been developed for similar purposes, with focus on maneuvering at high speed. This article presents the subjective and objective evaluation of a motorcycle...journal article 2022
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Nordhoff, S. (author), Louw, Tyron (author), Madigan, Ruth (author), Lee, Yee Mun (author), Innamaa, Satu (author), Lehtonen, Esko (author), Malin, Fanny (author), Bjorvatn, Afsaneh (author), Happee, R. (author), Merat, Natasha (author)The L3Pilot project tested SAE Level 3 (L3) conditionally automated driving functions addressing driving and travel behavior, impacts on safety, efficiency, environment and socio-economics, and user acceptance. To investigate individual variance in acceptance of conditionally automated cars, an online survey was performed among 18,631...journal article 2022
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Irmak, T. (author), Kotian, V. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winkel, K.N. (author), Pool, D.M. (author)The relationship between the amplitude of motion and the accumulation of motion sickness in time is unclear. Here, we investigated this relationship at the individual and group level. Seventeen participants were exposed to four oscillatory motion stimuli, in four separate sessions, separated by at least 1 week to prevent habituation. Motion...journal article 2022
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de Winkel, K.N. (author), Irmak, T. (author), Kotian, V. (author), Pool, D.M. (author), Happee, R. (author)High levels of vehicle automation are expected to increase the risk of motion sickness, which is a major detriment to driving comfort. The exact relation between motion sickness and discomfort is a matter of debate, with recent studies suggesting a relief of discomfort at the onset of nausea. In this study, we investigate whether discomfort...journal article 2022
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He, X. (author), Stapel, J.C.J. (author), Wang, M. (author), Happee, R. (author)Perceived risk and trust are crucial for user acceptance of driving automation. In this study, we identify important predictors of perceived risk and trust in a driving simulator experiment and develop models through stepwise regression to predict event-based changes in perceived risk and trust. 25 participants were tasked to monitor SAE...journal article 2022
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Mirakhorlo, M. (author), Kluft, N. (author), Desai, R.R. (author), Cvetković, M. (author), Irmak, T. (author), Shyrokau, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)In future automated vehicles we will often engage in non-driving tasks and will not watch the road. This will affect postural stabilization and may elicit discomfort or even motion sickness in dynamic driving. Future vehicles will accommodate this with properly designed seats and interiors, whereas comfortable vehicle motion will be achieved...journal article 2022
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Stapel, J.C.J. (author), Happee, R. (author), Christoph, Michiel (author), van Nes, C.N. (author), Martens, Marieke (author)This study reports usage of supervised automation and driver attention from longitudinal naturalistic driving observations. Automation inexperienced drivers were provided with instrumented vehicles with adaptive cruise control (ACC) and lane keeping (LK) features (SAE level 2). Data was collected comparing one month of driving without support...journal article 2022
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Nordhoff, S. (author), Stapel, J.C.J. (author), He, X. (author), Gentner, Alexandre (author), Happee, R. (author)The present online study surveyed drivers of SAE Level 2 partially automated cars on automation use and attitudes towards automation. Respondents reported high levels of trust in their partially automated cars to maintain speed and distance to the car ahead (M = 4.41), and to feel safe most of the time (M = 4.22) on a scale from 1 to 5....journal article 2021
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Kim, S. (author), van Egmond, R. (author), Happee, R. (author)In automated driving, the user interface plays an essential role in guiding transitions between automated and manual driving. This literature review identified 25 studies that explicitly studied the effectiveness of user interfaces in automated driving. Our main selection criterion was how the user interface (UI) affected take-over performance...journal article 2021
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Nordhoff, S. (author), Malmsten, Victor (author), van Arem, B. (author), Liu, Peng (author), Happee, R. (author)The present study investigated the attitudes and acceptance of automated shuttles in public transport among 340 individuals physically experiencing the automated shuttle ‘Emily’ from Easymile in a mixed traffic environment on the semi-public EUREF (Europäisches Energieforum) campus in Berlin. Automated vehicle acceptance was modelled as a...journal article 2021