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Beran, Daniel (author), Jedlička, Karel (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Popelka, Stanislav (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)3D cartographic visualization of a continuous time-dependent phenomenon is not an easy task. The focus of this research is motivated by the struggle to visualize such a phenomenon. Based on the current state of the art, we implemented new visualization methods to visualize continuous time-dependent phenomena. All visualizations are based on...journal article 2021
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Ledoux, H. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Dukai, B. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Peters, R.Y. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Commandeur, T.J.F. (author)Three-dimensional city models are essential to assess the impact that environmental factors will have on citizens, because they are the input to several simulation and prediction software. Examples of such environmental factors are noise (Stoter et al., 2008), wind (Garcı́a-Sánchez et al., 2014), air pollution (Ujang et al., 2013), and...journal article 2021
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Kumar, Kavisha (author)A 3D city model is a digital representation of the spatial features in an urban<br/>environment. Buildings, terrain, vegetation, water bodies, etc. all form an integral part of a 3D city model. The possibility to enrich these city models with additional application-specific information, whether new semantics or geometry, further increases their...doctoral thesis 2020
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Schmidt, Richard (author), Verheij, Theo (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)This paper presents our implementation of a harmonized data model for noise simulations in the European Union (EU). Different noise assessment methods are used by different EU member states (MS) for estimating noise at local, regional, and national scales. These methods, along with the input data extracted from the national registers and...journal article 2020
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Peters, R.Y. (author), Commandeur, T.J.F. (author), Dukai, B. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author)Noise is one of the main problems in urban areas. To monitor and manage noise problems, governmental organisations at all levels are obliged to regularly carry out noise studies. The simulation of noise is an important part of these studies. Currently, different organisations collect their own 3D input data as required in noise simulation in a...journal article 2020
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Dukai, B. (author), Labetski, A. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Vitalis, S. (author), Ledoux, H. (author)Semantically enriched 3D city models have the potential to be powerful hubs of integrated information for computer-based urban spatial analysis. This article presents the state of the art in 3D city modelling in the context of broader developments such as smart cities and digital twins, and outlines six challenges that must be overcome before 3D...journal article 2020
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Labetski, A. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)LandInfra is a relatively new open standard for modelling and representing land and infrastructure features. As it overlaps with other open standards in BIM (IFC) and 3D GIS (CityGML), it has been recognised as a potential candidate to bridge the gap between the two domains. However, the knowledge of this standard in both communities is low, and...journal article 2019
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Ledoux, H. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Dukai, B. (author), Labetski, A. (author), Vitalis, S. (author)The international standard CityGML is both a data model and an exchange format to store digital 3D models of cities. While the data model is used by several cities, companies, and governments, in this paper we argue that its XML-based exchange format has several drawbacks. These drawbacks mean that it is difficult for developers to implement...journal article 2019
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Labetski, A. (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)GIS has become an important part of many disciplines and supports a vast range of applications. It is used everywhere, from agriculture to public health care. Furthermore, with the advances in technologies, the availability of GIS data and software support has grown exponentially. In this paper, we present the results of our international survey...journal article 2019
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Labetski, A. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The Level of Detail (LOD) concept in CityGML 2.0 is meant to differentiate the multiple representations of semantic 3D city models. Despite the popularity and general acceptance of the concept by the practitioners and stakeholders in 3D city modelling, there are still some limitations. While the CityGML LOD concept is well defined for buildings,...journal article 2019
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Labetski, A. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The relatively new Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard LandInfra documents in its data model land and civil engineering infrastructure features. It has a Geography Markup Language (GML) implementation, OGC InfraGML, which has essentially no software support and is rarely used in practice. In order to share the benefits of LandInfra (and...journal article 2019
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Labetski, A. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)While there exist international standards for geospatial metadata (ISO 19115), these are rarely used in practice for 3D datasets, and one of the OGC standards for 3D city models, CityGML, does not offer a mechanism to store metadata in a structured way. Having metadata in CityGML files, which are in practice often very large and complex, would...journal article 2018
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)In this paper, we review state of the art 3D visualization technologies for floods and we focus on the Netherlands since it has a long history of dealing with floods and developing information technology solutions to prevent and predict them. We discuss the most recent advances in using 3D city models for modelling floods and discuss future...conference paper 2018
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Terrains form an important part of 3D city models. GIS practitioners often model terrains with 2D grids. However, TINs (Triangulated Irregular networks) are also increasingly used in practice. One such example is the 3D city model of the Netherlands (3DTOP10NL), which covers the whole country as one massive triangulation with more than one...journal article 2018
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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)CityGML is the most important international standard used to model cities and landscapes in 3D with extensive semantics. Compared to BIM standards such as IFC, CityGML models are usually less detailed but they cover a much greater spatial extent. They are also available in any of five standardized levels of detail. CityGML serves as an exchange...book chapter 2018
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Commandeur, T.J.F. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Road traffic and industrial noise has become a major source of discomfort and annoyance among the residents in urban areas. More than 44&thinsp;% of the EU population is regularly exposed to road traffic noise levels over 55 dB, which is currently the maximum accepted value prescribed by the Environmental Noise Directive for road traffic...conference paper 2017
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Commandeur, T.J.F. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author)Standaarden voor het beheer, de modellering, uitwisseling en ontsluiting van 3D informatie zijn essentieel bij 3D ontwikkelingen: standaarden voor 3D data bieden softwarebedrijven een solide basis voor investeringen. Bovendien maken 3D standaarden hergebruik van 3D data mogelijk.report 2016
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)In addition to buildings, the terrain forms an important part of a 3D city model. Although in GIS terrains are usually represented with 2D grids, TINs are also increasingly being used in practice. One example is 3DTOP10NL, the 3D city model covering the whole of the Netherlands, which stores the relief with a constrained TIN containing more than...conference paper 2016