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Ledoux, H. (author)IndoorGML datasets allow us to represent both (1) the geometry of the interior of a building, which is subdivided into <i>cells</i> (eg rooms, corridors, staircases); and (2) the navigation graph between these cells, which also acts as a mechanism to store the topological relationships between the cells. To be used in applications such as...journal article 2020
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Dukai, B. (author), Peters, R.Y. (author), Wu, T. (author), Commandeur, T.J.F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Baving, T. (author), Post, M. (author), van Altena, V.P. (author), Van Hinsbergh, W. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)As in many countries, in The Netherlands governmental organisations are acquiring 3D city models to support their public tasks. However, this is still being done within individual organisation, resulting in differences in 3D city models within one country and sometimes covering the same area: i.e. differences in data structure, height...journal article 2020
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Vitalis, S. (author), Labetski, A. (author), Boersma, F. (author), Dahle, F. (author), Li, X. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)As web applications become more popular, 3D city models would greatly benefit from a proper web-based solution to visualise and manage them. CityJSON was introduced as a JSON encoding of the CityGML data model and promises, among several benefits, the ability to be integrated with modern web technologies. In order to provide an implementation...journal article 2020
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Ledoux, H. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Dukai, B. (author), Labetski, A. (author), Vitalis, S. (author)The international standard CityGML is both a data model and an exchange format to store digital 3D models of cities. While the data model is used by several cities, companies, and governments, in this paper we argue that its XML-based exchange format has several drawbacks. These drawbacks mean that it is difficult for developers to implement...journal article 2019
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Labetski, A. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)LandInfra is a relatively new open standard for modelling and representing land and infrastructure features. As it overlaps with other open standards in BIM (IFC) and 3D GIS (CityGML), it has been recognised as a potential candidate to bridge the gap between the two domains. However, the knowledge of this standard in both communities is low, and...journal article 2019
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Dukai, B. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The 3D representation of buildings with roof shapes (also called LoD2) is popular in the 3D city modelling domain since it provides a realistic view of 3D city models. However, for many application block models of buildings are sufficient or even more suitable. These so called LoD1 models can be reconstructed relatively easily from building...journal article 2019
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Vitalis, S. (author), Labetski, A. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)A 3D city model should be constantly updated with new versions, either to reflect the changes in its real-world counterpart, or to improve and correct parts of the model. However, the current standards for 3D city models do not support versioning, and existing version control systems do not work well with 3D city models. In this paper, we...journal article 2019
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Penninga, F. (author), van den Brink, L.E. (author), Reuvers, M. (author), Vermeij, Maarten (author), Wiersma, M.G. (author)In this paper we present an open and flexible approach for the standardisation of 3D geographical data, describing our physical environment in such a way that it can serve different applications. The aim of our approach is to keep the standard as simple as possible so that implementation in different software is straightforward and the reuse of...journal article 2019
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Labetski, A. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The Level of Detail (LOD) concept in CityGML 2.0 is meant to differentiate the multiple representations of semantic 3D city models. Despite the popularity and general acceptance of the concept by the practitioners and stakeholders in 3D city modelling, there are still some limitations. While the CityGML LOD concept is well defined for buildings,...journal article 2019
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Labetski, A. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The relatively new Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard LandInfra documents in its data model land and civil engineering infrastructure features. It has a Geography Markup Language (GML) implementation, OGC InfraGML, which has essentially no software support and is rarely used in practice. In order to share the benefits of LandInfra (and...journal article 2019
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Du, Shenglan (author), Lindenbergh, R.C. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Nan, L. (author)Laser scanning is an effective tool for acquiring geometric attributes of trees and vegetation, which lays a solid foundation for 3-dimensional tree modelling. Existing studies on tree modelling from laser scanning data are vast. However, some works cannot guarantee sufficient modelling accuracy, while some other works are mainly rule-based and...journal article 2019
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Labetski, A. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)While there exist international standards for geospatial metadata (ISO 19115), these are rarely used in practice for 3D datasets, and one of the OGC standards for 3D city models, CityGML, does not offer a mechanism to store metadata in a structured way. Having metadata in CityGML files, which are in practice often very large and complex, would...journal article 2018
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Labetski, A. (author), van Gerwen, Stefan (author), Tamminga, G.F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)CityGML, an OGC standard, is an open data model for virtual 3D city models and includes buildings, roads, terrain, water bodies, etc. While many modules are well-developed (eg buildings, bridges, tunnels), the transportation model is, based on our consultations with various government agencies and municipalities, not sufficient for most...conference paper 2018
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)In this paper, we review state of the art 3D visualization technologies for floods and we focus on the Netherlands since it has a long history of dealing with floods and developing information technology solutions to prevent and predict them. We discuss the most recent advances in using 3D city models for modelling floods and discuss future...conference paper 2018
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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Diakite, A.A. (author), Krijnen, Thomas (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)It is widely acknowledged that the integration of BIM and GIS data is a crucial step forward for future 3D city modelling, but most of the research conducted so far has covered only the high-level and semantic aspects of GIS-BIM integration. This paper presents the results of the GeoBIM project, which tackled three integration problems focussing...journal article 2018
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Ledoux, H. (author)The validity of 3D primitives in 3D GIS datasets is often a prerequisite for using them in simulation and decision-making software, e.g. visibility analysis, noise pollution assessment, and energy estimation. However, while agreed definitions exist (in the international standard ISO19107), most software vendors ignore them and implement simpler...journal article 2018
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Dukai, B. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Het representeren van gebouwen met dakvormen (ook wel LoD2 genoemd) is populair bij 3D-modellering van de leefomgeving, omdat dit een realistische beleving geeft. Maar voor veel 3D-data toepassingen zijn simpele blokmodellen van gebouwen meer geschikt. Deze zogenaamde LoD1-modellen kunnen relatief eenvoudig worden gegenereerd vanuit data die...journal article 2018
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author)The boundary between geo and BIM is getting fuzzy, but working with IFC models from practice shows that converting BIM data in a format useful in GIS and vice versa is still far from straightforward.journal article 2018
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Diakite, A.A. (author), Krijnen, Thomas (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Penninga, Friso (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)GIS-data worden gebruikt om de leefomgeving te modelleren ten behoeve van<br/>ruimtelijke analyses en BIM-data voor het ontwerp, het bouwen en het beheer<br/>van bouwwerken. De grens tussen GIS en BIM vervaagt echter en er is een<br/>groeiende vraag om beide typen data te integreren.journal article 2018
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Terrains form an important part of 3D city models. GIS practitioners often model terrains with 2D grids. However, TINs (Triangulated Irregular networks) are also increasingly used in practice. One such example is the 3D city model of the Netherlands (3DTOP10NL), which covers the whole country as one massive triangulation with more than one...journal article 2018