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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Objects of more than three dimensions can be used to model geographic phenomena that occur in space, time and scale. For instance, a single 4D object can be used to represent the changes in a 3D object's shape across time or all its optimal representations at various levels of detail. In this paper, we look at how such higher-dimensional...journal article 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Elevation datasets (e.g. point clouds) are an essential but often unavailable ingredient for the construction of 3D city models. We investigate in this paper to what extent can 3D city models be generated solely from 2D data without elevation measurements. We show that it is possible to predict the height of buildings from 2D data (their...journal article 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)‘Level of Detail’ (LoD) is een veel gebruikt begrip in de 3D-geoinformatie wereld. Het detailniveauvan 3D-data speelt een rol bij de verschillende stappen in de 3D informatie keten, van inwinning tot gebruik. LoD is ook een van de belangrijkste basisprincipes van de internationale standaard CityGML, waarop de optionele 3D uitbreiding van IMGeo...journal article 2017
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Commandeur, T.J.F. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Road traffic and industrial noise has become a major source of discomfort and annoyance among the residents in urban areas. More than 44 % of the EU population is regularly exposed to road traffic noise levels over 55 dB, which is currently the maximum accepted value prescribed by the Environmental Noise Directive for road traffic...conference paper 2017
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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Diakite, A.A. (author), Krijnen, Thomas (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Geographic information and building information modelling both model buildings and infrastructure, but the way in which they are modelled is usually complimentary and BIM-GIS integration is widely considered as a way forward for both domains. For one, more detailed BIM data can feed more general GIS data and GIS data can provide the context...conference paper 2017
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Commandeur, T.J.F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author)Er zijn veel thema’s in de Omgevingswet die een 3D-component hebben. Er is dan ook een groeiende vraag om 3D geo-informatie in het DSO (Digitaal Stelsel Omgevingswet) te faciliteren. Een goede basis hiervoor is 3D BGT. IMGeo, het informatiemodel dat de inhoud van de Basisregistratie Grootschalige Topografie (BGT) vastlegt, is voorbereid op 3D en...journal article 2017
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Labetski, A. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The increasing popularity of 3D city models in navigation, urban planning, etc.,<br/>necessitates application-specific and geometrically accurate and valid models. The concept of Levels of Detail (LoDs) indicate a model’s scale of adherence to its real-world counterpart. Highly detailed datasets often contain errors or require an exorbitant...conference paper 2017
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Broersen, Tom (author), Peters, R.Y. (author), Ledoux, H. (author)Drainage networks play a crucial role in protecting land against floods. It is therefore important to have an accurate map of the watercourses that form the drainage network. Previous work on the automatic identification of watercourses was typically based on grids, focused on natural landscapes, and used mostly the slope and curvature of the...journal article 2017
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Ploeger, H.D. (author), Roes, Ruben (author), van der Riet, Els (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Kok, Dirco (author), Kim, S. (author)This article reports on the first 3D cadastral registration in The Netherlands, accomplished in March 2016. The solution was sought within the current cadastral, organisational, and technical frameworks to obtain a deeper knowledge on the optimal way of implementing 3D registration, while avoiding discussions between experts from different...journal article 2017
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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The concept of spacetime has long been used in physics to refer to models that integrate 3D space and time as a single 4D continuum. We argue in this paper that it is also advantageous to use this concept in a practical geographic context by realizing a true 4D model, where time is modeled and implemented as a dimension in the same manner as the...journal article 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Heuvelink, GBM (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)There has been a great deal of research about errors in geographic information and how they affect spatial analyses. A typical GIS process introduces various types of errors at different stages, and such errors usually propagate into errors in the result of a spatial analysis. However, most studies consider only a single error type thus...journal article 2017
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Ledoux, H. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author)Datasets produced by different countries or organisations are seldom properly aligned and contain several discrepancies (e.g., gaps and overlaps). This problem has been so far almost exclusively tackled by snapping vertices based on a user-defined threshold. However, as we argue in this paper, this leads to invalid geometries, is error-prone,...journal article 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)3D city models are characterised by the level of detail (LOD), which indicates their spatio-semantic complexity. Modelling data in finer LODs results in visually appealing models and opens the door for more applications, but that is at the expense of increased costs of acquisition, and larger storage footprint. In this paper we investigate...book chapter 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Du, X. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Soon, Kean Huat (author), Khoo, Victor (author)To be used as input in most simulation and modelling software, 3D city models should be geometrically and topologically valid, and semantically rich. We investigate in this paper what is the quality of currently available CityGML datasets, i.e. we validate the geometry/topology of the 3D primitives (Solid and MultiSurface), and we validate...conference paper 2016
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Ploeger, H.D. (author), Roes, Ruben (author), van der Riet, Els (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author)This paper reports on the first 3D cadastral registration of multi-level ownerships rights in the Netherlands, which was accomplished in March 2016. It is the result of a study that was undertaken from 2013 to 2015 to determine how insight about multi-level ownership can be provided in 3D by the cadastral registration. The solution was sought...conference paper 2016
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The production and dissemination of semantic 3D city models is rapidly increasing benefiting a growing number of use cases. However, their availability in multiple LODs and in the CityGML format is still problematic in practice. This hinders applications and experiments where multi-LOD datasets are required as input, for instance, to determine...conference paper 2016
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Biljecki, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Peters, R.Y. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The remote estimation of a region’s population has for decades been a key application of geographic information science in demography. Most studies have used 2D data (maps, satellite imagery) to estimate population avoiding field surveys and questionnaires. As the availability of semantic 3D city models is constantly increasing, we investigate...journal article 2016
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Vosselman, G. (author)The level of detail (LOD) of a 3D city model indicates the model's grade and usability. However, there exist multiple valid variants of each LOD. As a consequence, the LOD concept is inconclusive as an instruction for the acquisition of 3D city models. For instance, the top surface of an LOD1 block model may be modelled at the eaves of a...journal article 2016
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Peters, R.Y. (author), Ledoux, H. (author)Governments and companies around the world collect point clouds (datasets containing elevation points) because these are useful for many applications, e.g. to reconstruct 3D city models, to understand and predict the impact of floods, and to monitor dikes. We address in this paper the visualisation of point clouds, which is perhaps the most...journal article 2016
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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)An alternative to the traditional approaches to model separately 2D/3D space, time, scale and other parametrisable characteristics in GIS lies in the higher-dimensional modelling of geographic information, in which a chosen set of non-spatial characteristics, e.g. time and scale, are modelled as extra geometric dimensions perpendicular to the...conference paper 2016