- document
-
Javvaji, L.S. (author), Bolatkale, M. (author), Bajoria, Shagun (author), Rutten, Robert (author), Essink, Bert Oude (author), Beijens, Koen (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author), Breems, L.J. (author)Advances in CMOS technologies and circuit techniques have led to the development of continuous-time delta-sigma modulators (CTΔ Σ Ms) that sample at gigahertz (GHz) frequencies and achieve high linearity [-100 dBc and >120 dBFS spurious-free dynamic ranges (SFDRs)] in wide bandwidths (>100 MHz). However, at low frequencies (≤ 10 MHz),...journal article 2024
- document
-
Jouvaeian, Amirhossein (author), Fan, Q. (author), Motz, Mario (author), Ausserlechner, Udo (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)Magnetic current sensors are widely used in applications where galvanic isolation and wide bandwidth (BW) are desired, such as in switched-mode power supplies and motor drivers. By using Hall plates for low frequencies and pick-up coils for high frequencies, hybrid magnetic sensors can achieve high resolution (tens of textmA) over a wide...conference paper 2023
- document
-
Tang, Z. (author), Pan, S. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)BJT-based temperature sensors are widely used because they can achieve excellent accuracy after 1-point calibration. However, they typically dissipate mu textWs of power and require supply voltages above 1V [1]. Although sensors based on DTMOSTs [2], [3], capacitively biased (CB) diodes and BJTs [4,5] have demonstrated sub-1V operation, this...conference paper 2023
- document
-
Yue, X. (author), Javvaji, L.S. (author), Tang, Z. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author), Du, S. (author)Synchronized bias-flip rectifiers, such as synchronized switch harvesting on inductor (SSHI) rectifiers, are widely used for piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) [1], which can replace the use of batteries in many loT applications, thus reducing both system volume and maintenance cost. However, the output power extracted by such rectifiers...conference paper 2023
- document
-
Zhang, H. (author), Berkhout, Marco (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author), Fan, Q. (author)Class-D amplifiers (CDAs) are widely used in audio applications where a high power efficiency is required. As most audio sources are digital nowadays, implementing digital-input CDAs results in higher levels of integration and lower cost. However, prior open-loop digital-input CDAs suffer from high jitter sensitivity and output-stage...conference paper 2023
- document
-
Toth, N.G. (author), Tang, Z. (author), Someya, T. (author), Pan, S. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)BJT-based temperature sensors are widely used due to their high accuracy over a wide temperature range with a low-cost 1-point trim. Although resistor-based sensors can achieve better energy efficiency, they typically require a 2-point trim to achieve comparable accuracy, while thermal-diffusivity based sensors achieve superior accuracy at...conference paper 2023
- document
-
Tang, Z. (author), Toth, N.G. (author), Brito Zamparette, R.L. (author), Nezuka, Tomohiro (author), Furuta, Yoshikazu (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)Low-cost metal (e.g., PCB trace) shunts can be used to make accurate current sensors (< 1 % gain error) [1-3]. However, their reported maximum operating temperature (85 circC) is not high enough for automotive applications, and at higher temperatures, shunt resistance may exhibit increased drift, especially at high current levels. This...conference paper 2023
- document
-
An, X. (author), Pan, S. (author), Jiang, H. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)CMOS frequency references based on RC oscillators are usually preferred over bulky crystals in loT applications [1-5]. However, due to the process spread and finite temperature coefficient (TC) of most on-chip resistors, RC oscillators require trimming and temperature compensation to achieve decent accuracy. Enabled by high-resolution...conference paper 2023
- document
-
Rooijers, C.T. (author), Huijsing, J.H. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)In chopper amplifiers, the interaction between the input signal and the chopper clock can cause intermodulation distortion (IMD). This is due to amplifier delay, which causes signal transitions generated by the input chopper to arrive at the amplifier's output slightly later than the corresponding clock transitions of the output chopper. This...conference paper 2023
- document
-
A Glimpse of the History of Analog ICs: A Tale of Amplifiers, Data Converters, and Sensor InterfacesChae, Youngcheol (author), Mora Lopez, Carolina (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author), Ortmanns, Maurits (author), Sansen, Willy (author)Probably the most distinct divide in electronic circuits is that between digital and linear (analog) circuits. Using vacuum tubes; later, transistors; and then ICs, circuits based on switching (binary and digital signals) and amplification (analog signals) have always been at the heart of electronic systems. Even though electronics are making...journal article 2023
- document
-
Pan, S. (author), An, Xiaomeng (author), Yu, Zheru (author), Jiang, H. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)This article presents the design and implementation of a compact CMOS RC frequency reference. It consists of a frequency-locked loop (FLL) that locks the period of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to the time an RC network takes to charge to a reference voltage. Conventionally, an RC time constant with a near-zero temperature coefficient...journal article 2023
- document
-
Hall, Drew A. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author), Jang, Taekwang (author)There has been a long-standing interest in controlling and instrumenting the human body. Whether to restore lost function with neural prosthetics, monitor blood glucose levels, or augment human capabilities, there are countless opportunities for sensors inside ( e.g., ingestible, injectable, and implantable) and outside ( e.g., wearable) the...journal article 2023
- document
-
Rooijers, C.T. (author), Huijsing, J.H. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)In chopper amplifiers, the interaction between the input signal and the chopper clock can cause intermodulation distortion (IMD). This is mainly due to finite amplifier bandwidth, which causes signal-dependent output spikes at the chopping transitions. Such chopper-induced IMD can be mitigated by the fill-in technique, which involves ping...journal article 2023
- document
-
Javvaji, L.S. (author), Bolatkale, M. (author), Bajoria, Shagun (author), Rutten, Robert (author), Essink, Bert Oude (author), Beijens, Koen (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author), Breems, L.J. (author)Advances in CMOS technologies have led to the development of continuous-time ΔΣ modulators (CTDSMs) with GHz sampling rates that achieve better than-100dBc linearity and bandwidths above 100MHz. However, at low frequencies (below 10MHz), their SNDR is limited by 1/f noise, which limits their use in radio receivers intended to cover both the...conference paper 2023
- document
-
Brito Zamparette, R.L. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)This paper presents a nano-power high-side shunt-based current sensor (CS) that digitizes the voltage drop across an on-chip (±1A) or a lead-frame (±30A) shunt. A TC-tunable ADC reference compensates for the shunts' large temperature coefficient (TC), resulting in ±0.5% gain error from -40 to 85°C. The CS employs a capacitively coupled gm...conference paper 2023
- document
-
Jouyaeian, A. (author), Fan, Q. (author), Ausserlechner, Udo (author), Motz, Mario (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)This article presents a hybrid magnetic current sensor for contactless current measurement. Pick-up coils and Hall plates are employed to sense the high and low-frequency fields, respectively, generated by a current-carrying conductor. Due to the differentiating characteristic of the pick-up coils, a flat frequency response can then be...journal article 2023
- document
-
Tang, Z. (author), Pan, S. (author), Grubor, M. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)This article presents a sub-1 V bipolar junction transistor (BJT)-based temperature sensor that achieves both high accuracy and high energy efficiency. To avoid the extra headroom required by conventional current sources, the sensor’s diode-connected BJTs are biased by precharging sampling capacitors to the supply voltage and then discharging...journal article 2023
- document
-
Zhang, H. (author), Berkhout, M. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author), Fan, Q. (author)This article presents a digital-input class-D amplifier (CDA) achieving high dynamic range (DR) by employing a chopped capacitive feedback network and a capacitive digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Compared with conventional resistive-feedback CDAs driven by resistive or current-steering DACs, the proposed architecture eliminates the noise...journal article 2023
- document
-
Lu, T. (author), Chang, Z.Y. (author), Jiang, Junmin (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author), Du, S. (author)Dual-output regulating rectifier is highly desired in wireless power transfer (WPT) for sub-100mW bioimplants. Such rectifiers perform voltage rectification and dual-output regulation simultaneously, thus avoiding post DC-DC conversions and cascaded power losses [1 –4]. However, the conventional dual-output structure suffers from a low voltage...conference paper 2023
- document
-
Jouyaeian, A. (author), Fan, Q. (author), Brito Zamparette, R.L. (author), Ausserlechner, Udo (author), Motz, Mario (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)This article presents a hybrid magnetic current sensor for galvanically isolated measurements. It consists of a CMOS chip that senses the magnetic field generated by current flowing through a lead-frame-based current rail. Hall plates and coils are used to sense low-frequency (dc to 10 kHz) and high-frequency (10 kHz to 5 MHz) magnetic fields...journal article 2023