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Tang, Z. (author), Pan, S. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)BJT-based temperature sensors are widely used because they can achieve excellent accuracy after 1-point calibration. However, they typically dissipate mu textWs of power and require supply voltages above 1V [1]. Although sensors based on DTMOSTs [2], [3], capacitively biased (CB) diodes and BJTs [4,5] have demonstrated sub-1V operation, this...conference paper 2023
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Toth, N.G. (author), Tang, Z. (author), Someya, T. (author), Pan, S. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)BJT-based temperature sensors are widely used due to their high accuracy over a wide temperature range with a low-cost 1-point trim. Although resistor-based sensors can achieve better energy efficiency, they typically require a 2-point trim to achieve comparable accuracy, while thermal-diffusivity based sensors achieve superior accuracy at...conference paper 2023
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An, X. (author), Pan, S. (author), Jiang, H. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)CMOS frequency references based on RC oscillators are usually preferred over bulky crystals in loT applications [1-5]. However, due to the process spread and finite temperature coefficient (TC) of most on-chip resistors, RC oscillators require trimming and temperature compensation to achieve decent accuracy. Enabled by high-resolution...conference paper 2023
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Pan, S. (author), An, Xiaomeng (author), Yu, Zheru (author), Jiang, H. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)This article presents the design and implementation of a compact CMOS RC frequency reference. It consists of a frequency-locked loop (FLL) that locks the period of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to the time an RC network takes to charge to a reference voltage. Conventionally, an RC time constant with a near-zero temperature coefficient...journal article 2023
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Tang, Z. (author), Pan, S. (author), Grubor, M. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)This article presents a sub-1 V bipolar junction transistor (BJT)-based temperature sensor that achieves both high accuracy and high energy efficiency. To avoid the extra headroom required by conventional current sources, the sensor’s diode-connected BJTs are biased by precharging sampling capacitors to the supply voltage and then discharging...journal article 2023
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Someya, T. (author), Van Hoek, Vincent (author), Angevare, J. (author), Pan, S. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)This paper presents a 210nW BJT-based temperature sensor that achieves an inaccuracy of ±0.15°C (3s) from -15°C to 85°C. A dual-mode front-end (FE), which combines a bias circuit and a BJT core, halves the power needed to generate well-defined CTAT (VBE) and PTAT (?VBE) voltages. The use of a tracking ?S ADC reduces FE signal swing and...conference paper 2022
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Campos de Oliveira, A. (author), Pan, Sining (author), Wiegerink, Remco J. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)This article presents a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) Coriolis-based mass-flow-to-digital converter (Φ DC) that can be used with both liquids and gases. It consists of a micromachined Coriolis mass flow sensor and a CMOS interface circuit that drives it into oscillation and digitizes the resulting mass flow information. A phase-locked...journal article 2022
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Someya, T. (author), Van Hoek, Vincent (author), Angevare, J. (author), Pan, S. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)This letter describes an NPN-based temperature sensor that achieves a 1-point trimmed inaccuracy of ±0.15 °C (3σ) from -15 to 85 °C while dissipating only 210 nW. It uses a dual-mode frontend to roughly halve the power consumption of conventional frontends. First, two NPNs are used to generate a well-defined PTAT bias current, then this...journal article 2022
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Gürleyük, C. (author), Pan, S. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)This article presents a 16-MHz RC frequency reference implemented in a standard 180-nm CMOS process. It consists of a frequency-locked loop (FLL) in which the output frequency of a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) is locked to the frequency-phase characteristic of a Wien bridge RC filter. Since it is made from on-chip resistors and...journal article 2022
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Campos de Oliveira, A. (author), Pan, S. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)Flow sensors with high resolution (<200g/h/surdHz) and low offset drift (<pm 0.4mg/h) are essential in many microfluidic applications, such as flow cytometry and biological/chemical assays. Although thermal flow sensors can meet these specifications [1], [2], they measure flow velocity, so their calibration is fluid specific. Coriolis...conference paper 2022
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Pan, S. (author), Angevare, J. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)Resistor-based temperature sensors can achieve higher resolution and energy-efficiency than traditional BJT-based sensors. To reach similar accuracy, however, they typically require 2-point (2-pt) calibration, compared to the low-cost 1-pt calibration required by BJT-based sensors. This paper presents a hybrid temperature sensor that uses an...conference paper 2021
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Jiang, H. (author), Pan, S. (author), Gürleyük, C. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)Recently, rapid strides have been made in improving the accuracy of RC-based frequency references [1 -3]. Inaccuracies better than \pm 500ppm from -45^{\circ}C to 85^{\circ}C have been achieved, but typically at the expense of a costly and time-consuming 2-point trim to compensate for RC spread and temperature dependence. This paper describes...conference paper 2021
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Pan, S. (author), Angevare, J. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)This article describes a hybrid temperature sensor in which an accurate, but energy-inefficient, thermal diffusivity (TD) sensor is used to calibrate an inaccurate, but efficient, resistor-based sensor. The latter is based on silicided polysilicon resistors embedded in a Wien-bridge (WB) filter, while the former is based on an electrothermal...journal article 2021
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Pan, S. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)This article describes a highly energy-efficient Wheatstone bridge temperature sensor. To maximize sensitivity, the bridge is made from resistors with positive (silicided diffusion) and negative (poly) temperature coefficients. The bridge is balanced by a resistive (poly) FIR-DAC, which is part of a 2nd-order continuous-time delta-sigma...journal article 2020
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Gürleyük, C. (author), Pan, S. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)Systems-on-chip traditionally rely on bulky quartz crystals to comply with wired communication standards like CAN or USB 2.0. Integrated frequency references with better than 500ppm inaccuracy could meet this need, resulting in higher integration and lower cost. Candidate architectures have employed RC-, LC- or TD (thermal diffusivity)-based...conference paper 2020
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Pan, S. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)Energy efficiency and accuracy are important specifications of CMOS temperature sensors. BJT -based sensors achieve state-of-the-art accuracy [1], while Wheatstone-bridge (WhB) sensors achieve lower accuracy but state-of-the-art energy efficiency [2], [3]. This paper presents a WhB sensor that is read out by an energy-efficient continuous...conference paper 2020
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Pan, S. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)This letter presents a compact, energy-efficient, and low-power Wheatstone-bridge temperature sensor for biomedical applications. To maximize sensitivity and reduce power dissipation, the sensor employs a high-resistance (600 kΩ ) bridge that consists of resistors with positive (silicided-poly) and negative ( n -poly) temperature coefficients...journal article 2020
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Pan, S. (author), Gürleyük, C. (author), Pimenta, Matheus F. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)Resistor-based temperature sensors can achieve much higher resolution and energy efficiency than conventional BJT-based sensors [1], but they typically occupy more area (> 0.25 mm <sup>2</sup> ) and have lower operating temperatures (le 125 {circ} {C}) [2]-[4]. This work describes a 0.12mm <sup>2</sup> resistor-based sensor that uses a...conference paper 2019
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Pan, S. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author)Temperature sensors intended for embedded applications should be both energy-and area-efficient. The combination of Wheatstone-bridge (WhB) sensors and continuous-time ADCs has proven to be highly energy efficient [1], [2]. However, their area (> 0.25 mm{2}) is still larger than that of comparable BJT-based sensors [3], [4]. This paper...conference paper 2019
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Gürleyük, C. (author), Pedala', L. (author), Pan, S. (author), Makinwa, K.A.A. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author)This paper presents a 7-MHz CMOS RC frequency reference. It consists of a frequency-locked loop in which the output frequency of a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) is locked to the combined phase shifts of two independent RC (Wien bridge) filters, each employing resistors with complementary temperature coefficients. The filters are driven...journal article 2018
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