System Advantages of Using Large-Scale Aperiodic Array Topologies in Future mm-Wave 5G/6G Base Stations: An Interdisciplinary Look

The encouraging potential of employing large-scale aperiodic base station arrays in addressing the radiation pattern and thermal requirements of the next generation communication systems is demonstrated. Sample 256-element layout-optimized multibeam arrays are presented as a futuristic view. The system benefits (in terms of the statistical...

5G SIW-Based Phased Antenna Array With Cosecant-Squared Shaped Pattern

In this article, a concept of a phased antenna array based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology for 5G base stations is proposed. The array has a cosecant radiation pattern in the vertical plane for uniform illumination in a sector area. The array itself consists of 16 SIW traveling wave subarrays of 12 slot-coupled microstrip...

Orthogonal Versus Zero-Forced Beamforming in Multibeam Antenna Systems: Review and Challenges for Future Wireless Networks

Orthogonality in multibeam antennas is revisited. The difference between orthogonal beamforming and zero-forced beamforming is highlighted. The intriguing relation between orthogonality, reciprocity and losses is recapitulated. Different approaches on the design of orthogonal beamforming networks and implementation of zero-forced beamforming...

Concentric Ring Array Synthesis for Low Side Lobes: An Overview and a Tool for Optimizing Ring Radii and Angle of Rotation

A comprehensive review on the approaches for synthesizing low side lobe concentric ring array (CRA) antennas is given. An Iterative Convex Optimization (ICO) based array layout synthesis technique is proposed for peak side-lobe level (PSLL) minimization over a given circular field-of-view in steerable uniform-amplitude concentric ring array (UA...

Trade-offs Between the Quality of Service, Computational Cost and Cooling Complexity in Interference-Dominated Multi-User SDMA Systems

The future fifth generation (5G) systems will aim to design low-cost phased array base station antenna systems at mm-waves for simultaneous multiple beamforming with enhanced spatial multiplexing, limited interference, acceptable power consumption, suitable processing complexity, and passive cooling. In this study, a multi-user space division...

Synthesis of Optimal 5G Array Layouts With Wide-Angle Scanning and Zooming Ability for Efficient Link Setup and High-QoS Communication

An irregular antenna synthesis technique with jointly optimized array subset layouts has been proposed for efficient beam setup and reliable communication in 5G. The proposed approach addresses both the electromagnetic and thermal challenges in 5G arrays by integrating zooming and wide-angle scanning functionality into interleaved-shared layout...

Synthesis of Quasi-Modular Circularly Polarized 5G Base Station Antenna Arrays Based on Irregular Clustering and Sequential Rotation

An unconventional, yet quasi-modular base station phased array architecture synthesis technique is proposed for multiuser fifth-generation applications. By keeping uniform amplitudes and linearly progressing phases at the elements of an optimal irregular array, power-efficient side lobe suppression is achieved for effective inter-user...

Multiple Beam Synthesis of Passively Cooled 5G Planar Arrays Using Convex Optimization

An extended-feature, system-driven convex algorithm for the synthesis of uniform-amplitude, irregular planar phased arrays with simultaneous multi-beam optimization for mm-wave 5G base station applications in multi-user scenarios is presented. The inter-user interferences are suppressed by minimizing the maximum sidelobe level (SLL) for a...

Phase-Only Control of Peak Sidelobe Level and Pattern Nulls Using Iterative Phase Perturbations

Minimization of the maximum sidelobe level for a given array geometry, amplitude distribution, and nulling sectors by phase-only adjustment of the element coefficients is studied. Nonlinear optimization problem for phase distribution is solved using a novel iterative convex optimization algorithm, which includes mutual coupling effects and...

Thermal-Aware Synthesis of 5G Base Station Antenna Arrays: An Overview and a Sparsity-Based Approach

Heat removal capabilities and radiation performances of several sparse antenna array topologies are studied for cooling enhancement in 5G millimeter-wave base station antennas. Both electromagnetic and thermal aspects are jointly considered for the first time in array layout optimization and a novel connection between layout sparsity and thermal...

L/S-Band Frequency Reconfigurable Multiscale Phased Array Antenna With Wide Angle Scanning

A frequency reconfigurable phased array element is presented. The operational band of the single port L/S-band antenna can be selected by modifying the element apertures with p-I-n diode switches. The antenna element satisfies strict requirements on its frequency band separation (2.2:1), size, feeding structure and control lines to be...

Planar dual-band wide-scan phased array in X-band

The design of a planar dual-band wide-scan phased array is presented. The array uses novel dual-band comb-slot-loaded patch elements supporting two separate bands with a frequency ratio of 1.4:1. The antenna maintains consistent radiation patterns and incorporates a feeding configuration providing good bandwidths in both bands. The design has...

Dual-band wide-angle scanning planar phased array in X/Ku-bands