Driver response times to auditory, visual, and tactile take-over requests: A simulator study with 101participants

Conditionally automated driving systems may soon be available on the market. Even though these systems exempt drivers from the driving task for extended periods of time, drivers are expected to take back control when the automation issues a so-called take-over request. This study investigated the interaction between take-over request modality...

Eye-based driver state monitor of distraction, drowsiness, and cognitive load for transitions of control in automated driving

Automated driving vehicles of the future will most likely include multiple modes and levels of operation and thus include various transitions of control (ToC) between human and machine. Traditional activation devices (e.g., knobs, switches, buttons, and touchscreens) may be confused by operators among other system setting manipulators and...