Searched for: author%3A%22de+Winter%2C+J.C.F.%22
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Zhang, Bo (author), Lu, Z. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Martens, Marieke (author)
In the context of automated driving, a monitoring request (MR) is a means to prepare drivers for a take-over event. However, driver compliance may be an issue because not all MRs require a take-over. In this study, we investigated how drivers’ compliance with MRs was associated with previously experienced scenarios. The compliance level was...
conference paper 2019
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Manca, L. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author)
This paper presents the results of a literature survey on visual displays used in automated driving. We describe six visual display designs: (1) a display with three main components, (2) a bird’s-eye view display, (3) an informative speedometer, (4) a head-up display, (5) eye-catching lights for informing, and (6) eye-catching lights for guiding...
conference paper 2015
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Kyriakidis, M. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)
Fully automated driving can potentially provide enormous benefits to society. However, it has been unclear whether people will appreciate such far-reaching technology. This study investigated anonymous textual comments regarding fully automated driving, based on data extracted from three online surveys with 8,862 respondents from 112 countries....
conference paper 2015
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Lu, Z. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)
The paper reviews some of the essentials of human-machine interaction in automated driving, focusing on control authority transitions. We introduce a driving state model describing the human monitoring level and the allocation of lateral and longitudinal control tasks. An authority transition in automated driving is defined as the process of...
conference paper 2015
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Lu, Z. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)
This study presents a numerical model that describes the dynamic process of building situation awareness after an automation-initiated transition. The model predicts the level of situation awareness as a function of elapsed time since the transition, and is verified using data from an experiment in which participants watched animated video...
conference paper 2017
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)
In a crowdsourced experiment, the effects of distance and type of the approaching vehicle, traffic density, and visual clutter on pedestrians’ attention distribution were explored. 966 participants viewed 107 images of diverse traffic scenes for durations between 100 and 4000 ms. Participants’ eye-gaze data were collected using the TurkEyes...
conference paper 2021
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Stanton, Neville (author), Eisma, Y.B. (author)
The last decade has seen a surge of driving simulator research on automation-to-manual take-overs. In this commentary, we argue that most research within the take-over paradigm bears little resemblance to real automated driving. Furthermore, we claim that results within this paradigm could already be known based on published research from the...
journal article 2021
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Janssen, Nico (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)
Background<br/>Automated driving is often proposed as a solution to human errors. However, fully automated driving has not yet reached the point where it can be implemented in real traffic. This study focused on adaptively allocating steering control either to the driver or to an automated pilot based on momentary driver distraction measured...
journal article 2018
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Sripada, Anirudh (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)
It may be necessary to introduce new modes of communication between automated vehicles (AVs) and pedestrians. This research proposes using the AV’s lateral deviation within the lane to communicate if the AV will yield to the pedestrian. In an online experiment, animated video clips depicting an approaching AV were shown to participants. Each...
journal article 2021
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)
External human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) may be useful for communicating the intention of an automated vehicle (AV) to a pedestrian, but it is unclear which eHMI design is most effective. In a crowdsourced experiment, we examined the effects of (1) colour (red, green, cyan), (2) position (roof, bumper, windshield), (3) message (WALK, DON'T...
journal article 2021
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Sakuma, Tsuyoshi (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)
An important question in the development of automated vehicles (AVs) is which driving style AVs should adopt and how other road users perceive them. The current study aimed to determine which AV behaviours contribute to pedestrians' judgements as to whether the vehicle is driving manually or automatically as well as judgements of likeability....
journal article 2021
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Heikoop, D.D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Stanton, N.A. (author)
Platooning, whereby automated vehicles travel closely together in a group, is attractive in terms of safety and efficiency. However, concerns exist about the psychological state of the platooning driver, who is exempted from direct control, yet remains responsible for monitoring the outside environment to detect potential threats. By means of a...
journal article 2017
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Lu, Z. (author), Happee, R. (author), Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Kyriakidis, M. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)
The topic of transitions in automated driving is becoming important now that cars are automated to ever greater extents. This paper proposes a theoretical framework to support and align human factors research on transitions in automated driving. Driving states are defined based on the allocation of primary driving tasks (i.e., lateral control,...
journal article 2016
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author)
The last few years have seen a wealth of research on external human–machine interfaces (eHMIs). It has been argued that eHMIs are vital because they fill the social interaction void that arises with the introduction of automated vehicles (AVs). However, there is still much discussion about whether eHMIs are needed. The present article surveys...
journal article 2022
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Lu, Z. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)
In highly automated driving, drivers occasionally need to take over control of the car due to limitations of the automated driving system. Research has shown that visually distracted drivers need about 7 s to regain situation awareness (SA). However, it is unknown whether the presence of a hazard affects SA. In the present experiment, 32...
journal article 2020
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)
For transitions of control in automated vehicles, driver monitoring systems (DMS) may need to discern task difficulty and driver preparedness. Such DMS require models that relate driving scene components, driver effort, and eye measurements. Across two sessions, 15 participants enacted receiving control within 60 randomly ordered dashcam videos ...
journal article 2020
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Eriksson, A. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Stanton, Neville A. (author)
Driving simulators have been used since the beginning of the 1930s to assist researchers in assessing driver behaviour without putting the driver in harm’s way. The current manuscript describes the implementation of a toolbox for automated driving research on the widely used STISIM platform. The toolbox presented in this manuscript allows...
journal article 2018
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Kyriakidis, M. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)
When fully automated cars will be widespread is a question that has attracted considerable attention from futurists, car manufacturers, and academics. This paper aims to poll the public's expectations regarding the deployment of fully automated cars. In 15 crowdsourcing surveys conducted between June 2014 and January 2019, we obtained answers...
journal article 2019
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Heikoop, D.D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Stanton, Neville A. (author)
Automated driving systems are increasingly prevalent on public roads, but there is currently little knowledge on the level of workload and stress of drivers operating an automated vehicle in a real environment. The present study aimed to measure driver workload and stress during partially automated driving in real traffic. We recorded heart...
journal article 2019
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Petrovych, V. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)
An important research question in the domain of highly automated driving is how to aid drivers in transitions between manual and automated control. Until highly automated cars are available, knowledge on this topic has to be obtained via simulators and self-report questionnaires. Using crowdsourcing, we surveyed 1692 people on auditory,...
journal article 2018
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