Drinking water pellet softening: prediction the terminal settling velocity of natural particles

Natural particles are frequently applied in drinking water treatment in up-flow fluidisation processes. Additionally, sedimentation processes are applied to clarify water and to concentrate solids. To estimate the terminal settling velocity of single solid particles in a liquid system, a comprehensive collection of equations is available. For...

Increased sustainability of softening by producing pure calcite pellets for reuse

About 50% of the drinking water in the Netherlands is centrally softened by the drinking water companies in a process known as pellet softening. In this process a base and seeding material are mixed in an upflow reactor, where subsequently CaCO3 precipitates on a seed core as pellets. The seeding material is usually sand, but recently CaCO3 was...