Target-enclosed seismic imaging

Seismic reflection data can be redatumed to a specified boundary in the subsurface by solving an inverse (or multidimensional deconvolution) problem. The redatumed data can be interpreted as an extended image of the subsurface at the redatuming boundary, depending on the subsurface offset and time. We retrieve targetenclosed extended images...

Retrieving Reservoir-only Reflection and Transmission Responses from Target-enclosing Extended Images

The Marchenko redatuming approach reconstructs wavefields at depth that contain not only primary reflections, but also multiply-scattered waves. While such fields in principle contain additional subsurface information, conventional imaging approaches cannot tap into the information encoded in internal multiples in a trivial manner. We discuss a...

An illustration of adaptive Marchenko imaging

In Marchenko imaging, wavefields are retrieved at specified focal points in the subsurface through an iterative scheme derived from the multidimensional Marchenko equation. The method requires seismic-reflection data at the earth’s surface (after free-surface multiple elimination) and an estimate of the direct wavefield from the surface to each...

On Green’s function retrieval by iterative substitution of the coupled Marchenko equations

Iterative substitution of the coupled Marchenko equations is a novel methodology to retrieve the Green's functions from a source or receiver array at an acquisition surface to an arbitrary location in an acoustic medium. The methodology requires as input the single-sided reflection response at the acquisition surface and an initial focusing...

On the focusing conditions in time-reversed acoustics, seismic interferometry, and Marchenko imaging

Despite the close links between the fields of time-reversed acoustics, seismic interferometry and Marchenko imaging, a number of subtle differences exist. This paper reviews the various focusing conditions of these methods, the causality/acausality aspects of the corresponding focusing wavefields, and the requirements with respect to...

Internal multiple suppression by adaptive Marchenko redatuming

Recently, a novel iterative scheme was proposed to retrieve Green's functions in an unknown medium from its single-sided reflection response and an estimate of the propagation velocity. In Marchenko imaging, these Green's functions are used for seismic imaging with complete wavefields, including internal multiple reflections. In this way, common...

Marchenko imaging below an overburden with random scatterers

Marchenko imaging is a new way to deal with internal multiple scattering in migration. It has been designed for layered media with smooth interfaces. Here we analyze the performance of the Marchenko scheme for a medium with many point scatterers. Although the conditions for Marchenko imaging are violated, we observe from a numerical experiment...

An interferometric interpretation of Marchenko redatuming

Recently, an iterative scheme was introduced to retrieve up- and downgoing Green’s functions at an arbitrary location F in the subsurface. The scheme uses the reflection data as acquired at the surface as input, together with an estimate of the direct arrival from the surface to location F, which is referred to as the initial focusing function....

An interferometric interpretation of Marchenko redatuming

Marchenko redatuming below a complex overburden

Complex overburdens can severely distort transmitted wavefields, posing serious challenges for seismic imaging. In Marchenko redatuming, we use an iterative scheme to estimate so-called focusing functions, which can be used to redatum seismic wavefields to a specified level below the major complexities in the subsurface. Unlike in conventional...