Legal aspects of 3D Land administration: Position paper 3

3D property formation in complex infrastructure- and building projects - Exemplified by the Slussen project in Stockholm

This paper describes the use of 3D real property formation at a major construction site in Stockholm, Sweden, project Slussen. Real property formation with complex 3D volumes and numerous real properties and associated rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) has to be shown with the real properties and RRRs in relation to each other....

Visualisation of 3D Property Units - experiences from a case study in Stockholm, Sweden

This paper focuses on experiences concerning a project aiming at visualisation of three-dimensional (3D) property units in Stockholm, Sweden. The Swedish national registration system, the national real property register, includes a textual description as well as a two-dimensional map, normally consisting of a scan of the legal map document...

Towards Design and Development of a BIM-based 3D Property Formation Process

With the increased interest and demand for 3D property, 3D property formation has shown increased significance. It is important to provide efficient, clear and unambiguous methods to form 3D property units, as well as register 3D property RRRs (rights, restrictions and responsibilities). The 3D property formation process should facilitate...

New Trends in 3D Cadastre Research - a Literature Survey

During the last decade, several literature surveys on trends in 3D property research have been published. The latest publication is Paasch and Paulsson (2021), examining 530 research related publications from 2012 to 2020. It showed that 3D cadastre publications mainly have focused on technical and registration issues, even if there is an...

3D Cadastre in the Case of Engineering Objects, such as Bridges and Road Viaducts

At present, the implementation of cadastral registration of transport investments (such as railway lines on bridges and on viaducts, roads on viaducts, etc.) is performed in the so-called "layer" system. This means that many objects are constructed at different levels (layers) within the space of a given parcel. Several parties may be interested...

Layer approach to ownership in 3D cadastre – a subway case

The paper focuses on approaches to the registration of real property rights in the case of underground or subway tunnels in different EU countries: Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Greece, Poland, Slovenia, and Sweden. The Authors made analysis of the current way of registration of rights to subway tunnels in the chosen countries,...

Co-ownership shares in condominium – A comparison across jurisdictions and standards

Condominium is one of the prevalent forms of three- dimensional (3D) property rights (Paulsson, 2007, p. 32). The condominium concept common to a number of jurisdictions consists of three elements: (a) individual ownership of an apartment, (b) co-ownership (joint ownership) of the land and the common parts of the building, and (c) membership of...

Conversion of 2D Analogue Cadastral Boundary Plans into 3D Digital Information – problems and challenges illustrated by a Swedish case

The possibility of forming 3D property units has not existed for a long time in Sweden. The legislation was introduced in 2004 and in 2009 the addition of apartment ownership (condominium) was added. Even though the demand for 3D property formation has not been as high yet as initially expected, there seems to be an increased interest in and...

International Code List Management – The Case of Land Administration

Standardization reduces technical barriers to trade and foster dissemination of innovations. Within the domain of information technology, standardization enhances semantic interoperability of systems and services. In order to achieve the potential of standardization, IT solutions must be localized to adapt to local needs. To reduce localization...

3D Real Property Legal Concepts and Cadastre: A Comparative Study of Selected Countries to Propose a Way Forward

The concepts of three-dimensional (3D) real property have been the subject of increased interest in land use management and research since the late ‘90s while literature provides various examples of extensive research towards 3D Cadastres as well as already implementing 3D cadastral systems. However, in most countries the legal aspects of 3D...

Legal Framework 3D Cadastres: Position Paper 1

This paper serves as the basis for discussions for the working session Legal framework 3D Cadastres, being one of the four working sessions at the 4th International Workshop on 3D Cadastres. The paper is intended to initiate discussions on the legal framework of 3D cadastres and aims at identifying the main topics concerning the legal aspects of...

Integration of 3D Cadastre, 3D Property Formation and BIM in Sweden

This paper describes problems and solutions concerning interaction between BIM (Building Information Modelling) and the registration and visualisation of 3D real property information. Although BIM and 3D property are two seemingly different domains that have not been combined much in previous studies, the authors argue that they can interact and...

Specialization of the LADM - Modelling of Non-formal RRR

This paper proposes a more detailed classification of the legal part of the LADM, ISO 19152, (i.e. interests in land) than possible in the current standard (ISO, 2012) today and is an attempt to raise awareness of the possibilities to further develop the LADMs ‘right’, ‘restriction’ and ‘responsibility’ classes (RRR). The term ‘land’ is here...

Swedish 3D Property in an International Comparison

The aim of the paper is to present the Swedish types of 3D property, how they are designed and related to each other, and to make a comparison with other types of 3D property that can be found internationally. The Swedish 3D property system is presented and compared with the international standard types of 3D property. In this comparison...

3D Property Research – a Survey of the Occurrence of Legal Topics in Publications

3D property is an increasingly discussed and researched topic. Several conferences and workshops have contained contributions on this subject and there are often special sessions devoted to it at e.g. FIG conferences. There are also many articles, conference contributions, theses and other publications available that present and discuss 3D...

Public space: Open to everybody – but how? Street art as a threat or a prospect

Workshop 2. Public space interventions Abstract Street art, a form of local urban intervention, encounters strong oppositions from many planners. Making an imprint in public space is, for the most part, only legal if you advertise or if the municipality commissions you. By unlawfully taking up space in the city, streets artists challenge the...