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Vitalis, S. (author), Labetski, A. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Roads are important for many urban planning applications, such as traffic modelling and delivery vehicle routing. At present, most available datasets represent roads only as centrelines. This is particularily true for OpenStreetMap which provides, among many features, road networks at worldwide coverage. Furthermore, most approaches for...journal article 2022
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Ledoux, H. (author), Dukai, B. (author), Penninga, Friso (author), van den Brink, Linda (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)3D-representaties van onze leefomgeving zijn belangrijk in toepassingen die helpen bij de planning, de inrichting en het beheer van de openbare ruimte. Met 3D-modellen kunnen simulaties worden uitgevoerd voor bijvoorbeeld geluid, energie, luchtkwaliteit, windcomfort, zicht en wateroverlast. Om deze simulaties te bedienen met dezelfde 3D-gegevens...journal article 2022
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Ledoux, H. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Dukai, B. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Peters, R.Y. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Commandeur, T.J.F. (author)Three-dimensional city models are essential to assess the impact that environmental factors will have on citizens, because they are the input to several simulation and prediction software. Examples of such environmental factors are noise (Stoter et al., 2008), wind (Garcı́a-Sánchez et al., 2014), air pollution (Ujang et al., 2013), and...journal article 2021
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Peters, R.Y. (author), Commandeur, T.J.F. (author), Dukai, B. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author)Noise is one of the main problems in urban areas. To monitor and manage noise problems, governmental organisations at all levels are obliged to regularly carry out noise studies. The simulation of noise is an important part of these studies. Currently, different organisations collect their own 3D input data as required in noise simulation in a...journal article 2020
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Krijnen, T.F. (author), Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The Industry Foundation Classes are a prevalent open standard to exchange Building Information Models. In such a model, geometric representations are provided for individual building elements along with semantic information, including a significant amount of properties related togeometry and explicit topological relationships. These...conference paper 2020
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Dukai, B. (author), Labetski, A. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Vitalis, S. (author), Ledoux, H. (author)Semantically enriched 3D city models have the potential to be powerful hubs of integrated information for computer-based urban spatial analysis. This article presents the state of the art in 3D city modelling in the context of broader developments such as smart cities and digital twins, and outlines six challenges that must be overcome before 3D...journal article 2020
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Schmidt, Richard (author), Verheij, Theo (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)This paper presents our implementation of a harmonized data model for noise simulations in the European Union (EU). Different noise assessment methods are used by different EU member states (MS) for estimating noise at local, regional, and national scales. These methods, along with the input data extracted from the national registers and...journal article 2020
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Dukai, B. (author), Peters, R.Y. (author), Wu, T. (author), Commandeur, T.J.F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Baving, T. (author), Post, M. (author), van Altena, V.P. (author), Van Hinsbergh, W. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)As in many countries, in The Netherlands governmental organisations are acquiring 3D city models to support their public tasks. However, this is still being done within individual organisation, resulting in differences in 3D city models within one country and sometimes covering the same area: i.e. differences in data structure, height...journal article 2020
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Vitalis, S. (author), Labetski, A. (author), Boersma, F. (author), Dahle, F. (author), Li, X. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)As web applications become more popular, 3D city models would greatly benefit from a proper web-based solution to visualise and manage them. CityJSON was introduced as a JSON encoding of the CityGML data model and promises, among several benefits, the ability to be integrated with modern web technologies. In order to provide an implementation...journal article 2020
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Labetski, A. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)LandInfra is a relatively new open standard for modelling and representing land and infrastructure features. As it overlaps with other open standards in BIM (IFC) and 3D GIS (CityGML), it has been recognised as a potential candidate to bridge the gap between the two domains. However, the knowledge of this standard in both communities is low, and...journal article 2019
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Dukai, B. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The 3D representation of buildings with roof shapes (also called LoD2) is popular in the 3D city modelling domain since it provides a realistic view of 3D city models. However, for many application block models of buildings are sufficient or even more suitable. These so called LoD1 models can be reconstructed relatively easily from building...journal article 2019
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Vitalis, S. (author), Labetski, A. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)A 3D city model should be constantly updated with new versions, either to reflect the changes in its real-world counterpart, or to improve and correct parts of the model. However, the current standards for 3D city models do not support versioning, and existing version control systems do not work well with 3D city models. In this paper, we...journal article 2019
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Penninga, F. (author), van den Brink, L.E. (author), Reuvers, M. (author), Vermeij, Maarten (author), Wiersma, M.G. (author)In this paper we present an open and flexible approach for the standardisation of 3D geographical data, describing our physical environment in such a way that it can serve different applications. The aim of our approach is to keep the standard as simple as possible so that implementation in different software is straightforward and the reuse of...journal article 2019
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Labetski, A. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The Level of Detail (LOD) concept in CityGML 2.0 is meant to differentiate the multiple representations of semantic 3D city models. Despite the popularity and general acceptance of the concept by the practitioners and stakeholders in 3D city modelling, there are still some limitations. While the CityGML LOD concept is well defined for buildings,...journal article 2019
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Labetski, A. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The relatively new Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard LandInfra documents in its data model land and civil engineering infrastructure features. It has a Geography Markup Language (GML) implementation, OGC InfraGML, which has essentially no software support and is rarely used in practice. In order to share the benefits of LandInfra (and...journal article 2019
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Du, Shenglan (author), Lindenbergh, R.C. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Nan, L. (author)Laser scanning is an effective tool for acquiring geometric attributes of trees and vegetation, which lays a solid foundation for 3-dimensional tree modelling. Existing studies on tree modelling from laser scanning data are vast. However, some works cannot guarantee sufficient modelling accuracy, while some other works are mainly rule-based and...journal article 2019
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Labetski, A. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)While there exist international standards for geospatial metadata (ISO 19115), these are rarely used in practice for 3D datasets, and one of the OGC standards for 3D city models, CityGML, does not offer a mechanism to store metadata in a structured way. Having metadata in CityGML files, which are in practice often very large and complex, would...journal article 2018
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Labetski, A. (author), van Gerwen, Stefan (author), Tamminga, G.F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)CityGML, an OGC standard, is an open data model for virtual 3D city models and includes buildings, roads, terrain, water bodies, etc. While many modules are well-developed (eg buildings, bridges, tunnels), the transportation model is, based on our consultations with various government agencies and municipalities, not sufficient for most...conference paper 2018
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)In this paper, we review state of the art 3D visualization technologies for floods and we focus on the Netherlands since it has a long history of dealing with floods and developing information technology solutions to prevent and predict them. We discuss the most recent advances in using 3D city models for modelling floods and discuss future...conference paper 2018
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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Diakite, A.A. (author), Krijnen, Thomas (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)It is widely acknowledged that the integration of BIM and GIS data is a crucial step forward for future 3D city modelling, but most of the research conducted so far has covered only the high-level and semantic aspects of GIS-BIM integration. This paper presents the results of the GeoBIM project, which tackled three integration problems focussing...journal article 2018