An innovative treatment concept for future drinking water production: Fluidized ion exchange – ultrafiltration – nanofiltration – granular activated carbon filtration

A new treatment concept for drinking water production from surface water has been investigated on a pilot scale. The treatment concept consists of fluidized ion exchange (FIEX), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and granular activated carbon filtration (GAC). The FIEX process removed calcium and other divalent cations; the UF membrane...