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Vitalis, S. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Level of Detail (LoD) is a well known concept in 3D city models, used to designate different geometric detail that can be used in different applications. Nevertheless, multi-LoD datasets are hard to maintain and manage because of their intrinsic complexity. Versioning is a solution that aids in the storage and management of big and complex...journal article 2022
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Agugiaro, G. (author), Zwamborn, A. (author), Tigchelaar, C. (author), Matthijssen, E. (author), León Sánchez, C.A. (author), van der Molen, Folckert (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)In the last 15 years semantic 3D city models have seen a steady growth in terms of creation and adoption. Many cities world-wide have now at least one city model which can be used for several applications. Energy- and sustainability-related topics are among those that have experienced a noteworthy increase of interest from the Geomatics...journal article 2022
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Tufan, Ö (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), León Sánchez, C.A. (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)3D city models are frequently used to acquire and store energy-related information of buildings for energy applications. In this context, CityGML is the most common data model, and the Energy ADE, one of its most complex extensions, provides a systematic way of storing detailed energy-related data in XML format. Contrarily, even though...journal article 2022
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León Sánchez, C.A. (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)This document introduces the process for the creation of a testbed for energy applications based on a semantic 3D city model for the municipality of Rijssen-Holten in The Netherlands. The creation of this dataset requires the consolidation from multiple data sources as well as a lot of manual work so the authors can warranty as much as...journal article 2022
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Krijnen, T.F. (author), Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)In this chapter, we start from the typical concepts from Geographic Information System (GIS): data representation, acquisition, querying and analysis. We follow with the transition from 2 to 3D GIS and describe open standards such as CityGML and CityJSON and recent advances on 3D geospatial simulations, computing and real-time GIS and...book chapter 2022
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León Sánchez, C.A. (author), Giannelli, D. (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The 3D BAG v. 2.0 dataset has been recently released: it is a country-wide dataset containing all buildings in the Netherlands, modelled in multiple LoDs (LoD1.2, LoD1.3 and LoD2.2). In particular, the LoD2.2 allows differentiating between different thematic surfaces composing the building envelope. This paper describes the first steps to...journal article 2021
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Doan, Truc Quynh (author), León Sánchez, C.A. (author), Peters, R.Y. (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)3D city models are playing a growing role worldwide as sources of integrated information upon which different urban applications are developed. In the context of urban planning and design, semantic 3D city models can provide plenty of qualitative and quantitative information about the urban context and of the area(s) to be transformed. This...journal article 2021
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Salheb, N. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The trend of increased usage of both BIM and 3D GIS and the similarity between the two has led to an increase in the overlap between them. A key application of such overlap is providing geospatial context data for BIM models through importing 3D GIS-data to BIM software to help in different design-related issues. However, this is currently...journal article 2020
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Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), van Liempt, J.N.H. (author), Vitalis, S. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)OGC CityGML is an open standard for 3D city models intended to foster interoperability and support various applications. However, through our practical experience and discussions with practitioners, we have noticed several problems related to the implementation of the standard and the use of standardized data. Nevertheless, a systematic...journal article 2020
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Noardo, F. (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), Eriksson, Helen (author), Guler, Dogus (author), Hintz, Dean (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The integration of 3D city models with Building Information Models (BIM), coined as GeoBIM, facilitates improved data support to several applications, e.g., 3D map updates, building permits issuing, detailed city analysis, infrastructure design, context-based building design, to name a few. To solve the integration, several issues need to be...journal article 2020
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Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Ellul, C. (author), Harrie, L. (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), Kokla, M. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Standardised data formats and data models are essential for data integration and interoperability, which in turn adds value to data by allowing its reuse in multiple contexts. For this reason, in recent years extensive efforts have been focused on standards development. When representing the built environment, 3D city models and Building...journal article 2020
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Ellul, C. (author), Noardo, F. (author), Harrie, L. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Although the use of location-based data (location coupled with semantic information) within Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and from Earth Observation (e.g. satellite) sources has been long established for decision makers, this has only recently been reflected in the construction sector with a more recent move from Computer Aided...journal article 2020
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Vitalis, S. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)3D city models are being extensively used in applications such as evacuation scenarios and energy consumption estimation. The main standard for 3D city models is the CityGML data model which can be encoded through the CityJSON data format. CityGML and CityJSON use polygonal modelling in order to represent geometries. True topological data...journal article 2019
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Labetski, A. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)LandInfra is a relatively new open standard for modelling and representing land and infrastructure features. As it overlaps with other open standards in BIM (IFC) and 3D GIS (CityGML), it has been recognised as a potential candidate to bridge the gap between the two domains. However, the knowledge of this standard in both communities is low, and...journal article 2019
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Noardo, F. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)An investigation into the implementation state of open standards in software is currently ongoing through the ISPRS/EuroSDR ‘GeoBIM benchmark 2019’ initiative, which kicked off earlier this year. The benchmark activity provides a way of assessing and comparing the functionality of different software packages in GIS and BIM in terms of their...journal article 2019
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Vitalis, S. (author), Labetski, A. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)A 3D city model should be constantly updated with new versions, either to reflect the changes in its real-world counterpart, or to improve and correct parts of the model. However, the current standards for 3D city models do not support versioning, and existing version control systems do not work well with 3D city models. In this paper, we...journal article 2019
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Labetski, A. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The Level of Detail (LOD) concept in CityGML 2.0 is meant to differentiate the multiple representations of semantic 3D city models. Despite the popularity and general acceptance of the concept by the practitioners and stakeholders in 3D city modelling, there are still some limitations. While the CityGML LOD concept is well defined for buildings,...journal article 2019
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Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Krijnen, Thomas (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)GeoBIM, the integration of 3D geoinformation (Geo) with building information models (BIM), is a subject of increasing attention in both domains. A well-known practical challenge for this integration is the mixed state of software support for open standards in each domain that would ease the integration. This is often known by practitioners but...journal article 2019
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Labetski, A. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The relatively new Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard LandInfra documents in its data model land and civil engineering infrastructure features. It has a Geography Markup Language (GML) implementation, OGC InfraGML, which has essentially no software support and is rarely used in practice. In order to share the benefits of LandInfra (and...journal article 2019
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Labetski, A. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)While there exist international standards for geospatial metadata (ISO 19115), these are rarely used in practice for 3D datasets, and one of the OGC standards for 3D city models, CityGML, does not offer a mechanism to store metadata in a structured way. Having metadata in CityGML files, which are in practice often very large and complex, would...journal article 2018
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