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Assessment of the LoD Specification for the Integration of BIM-Derived Building Models in 3D City Models

van der Vaart, J.A.J. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Diakite, A.A. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Hakim, Amir (author)

Although level of detail (LoD) is a central concept in 3D city modelling, specifying different LoDs in an unambiguous manner is not straightforward. To resolve this, a set of frameworks have been developed. This paper evaluates the suitability of the LoD framework of (Biljecki et al. 2016) for 3D building models that have been generated directly...

conference paper 2024

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Uncovering the challenges of urban digital twins: Identifying and ranking the barriers to operating digital twins in cities

Lei, Binyu (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Janssen, Patrick (author), Biljecki, Filip (author)

To encourage discussion of the challenges hindering the design and implementation of digital twins, the authors have ranked them based on a systematic literature review combined with an expert survey.

journal article 2023

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Challenges of urban digital twins: A systematic review and a Delphi expert survey

Lei, Binyu (author), Janssen, P.H.T. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author)

Many challenges to operate digital twins remain, hindering their design and implementation, and are rarely discussed. Furthermore, issues of social and legal nature are often overlooked. We identify the challenges of operating digital twins in the urban context through a bifurcated and multi-dimensional approach: a systematic literature...

review 2023

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3D building metrics for urban morphology

Labetski, A. (author), Vitalis, S. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)

Urban morphology is important in a broad range of investigations across the fields of city planning, transportation, climate, energy, and urban data science. Characterising buildings with a set of numerical metrics is fundamental to studying the urban form. Despite the rapid developments in 3D geoinformation science, and the growing 3D data...

journal article 2022

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3dfier: automatic reconstruction of 3D city models

Ledoux, H. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Dukai, B. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Peters, R.Y. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Commandeur, T.J.F. (author)

Three-dimensional city models are essential to assess the impact that environmental factors will have on citizens, because they are the input to several simulation and prediction software. Examples of such environmental factors are noise (Stoter et al., 2008), wind (Garcı́a-Sánchez et al., 2014), air pollution (Ujang et al., 2013), and...

journal article 2021

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Reference study of IFC software support: The GeoBIM benchmark 2019—Part I

Noardo, F. (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Salheb, Nebras (author), van Liempt, J.N.H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)

Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), the buildingSMART open standard for BIM, is underused with respect to its promising potential, since, according to the experience of practitioners and researchers working with BIM, issues in the standard’s implementation and use prevent its effective use. Nevertheless, a systematic investigation of these...

journal article 2021

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GeoBIM benchmark: ISPRS Scientific initiative 2019 - Final report

Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Ellul, C (author), Harrie, L (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Kokla, M. (author)

In both research and practice, data interoperability is considered essential to support a rising number of applications that need data from different domains. Therefore, standard data formats and models are developed by standardization organizations such as Open Geospatial Consortium (for the Geo domain)<br/>and buildingSMART (for the BIM domain...

report 2020

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How might an Lod Logic Framework Help to Bridge the 3D Cadastre Research-to-Practice Gap?: A Proposal for a Level of Implementation Framework

Stoter, J.E. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Ho, Serene (author)

During the past decade, hundreds of research papers have been published on the challenge of registering multi-level properties in land administration and cadastral registrations. In addition, many pilots have been carried out to show potential solutions. However, fundamental and standardised solutions for 3D cadastre are still rare. In this...

conference paper 2020

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Reference study of CityGML software support: The GeoBIM benchmark 2019—Part II

Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), van Liempt, J.N.H. (author), Vitalis, S. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)

OGC CityGML is an open standard for 3D city models intended to foster interoperability and support various applications. However, through our practical experience and discussions with practitioners, we have noticed several problems related to the implementation of the standard and the use of standardized data. Nevertheless, a systematic...

journal article 2020

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Tools for BIM-GIS Integration (IFC Georeferencing and Conversions): Results from the GeoBIM Benchmark 2019

Noardo, F. (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), Eriksson, Helen (author), Guler, Dogus (author), Hintz, Dean (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)

The integration of 3D city models with Building Information Models (BIM), coined as GeoBIM, facilitates improved data support to several applications, e.g., 3D map updates, building permits issuing, detailed city analysis, infrastructure design, context-based building design, to name a few. To solve the integration, several issues need to be...

journal article 2020

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THE ISPRS-EUROSDR GEOBIM BENCHMARK 2019

Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Ellul, C. (author), Harrie, L. (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), Kokla, M. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)

Standardised data formats and data models are essential for data integration and interoperability, which in turn adds value to data by allowing its reuse in multiple contexts. For this reason, in recent years extensive efforts have been focused on standards development. When representing the built environment, 3D city models and Building...

journal article 2020

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GeoBIM Benchmark 2019: Intermediate Results

Noardo, F. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)

An investigation into the implementation state of open standards in software is currently ongoing through the ISPRS/EuroSDR ‘GeoBIM benchmark 2019’ initiative, which kicked off earlier this year. The benchmark activity provides a way of assessing and comparing the functionality of different software packages in GIS and BIM in terms of their...

journal article 2019

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Considerations for a Contemporary 3D Cadastre for our Times

Stoter, J.E. (author), Ho, Serene (author), Biljecki, Filip (author)

A significant number of studies has been carried out to establish 3D cadastre solutions to improve the registration of multi-level property. Since the inception of research on 3D cadastres (about 20 years ago), the world around us has changed significantly and this also partly changes the context regarding 3D cadastre: technology (e.g....

journal article 2019

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GeoBIM benchmark 2019: Design and initial results

Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Krijnen, Thomas (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)

GeoBIM, the integration of 3D geoinformation (Geo) with building information models (BIM), is a subject of increasing attention in both domains. A well-known practical challenge for this integration is the mixed state of software support for open standards in each domain that would ease the integration. This is often known by practitioners but...

journal article 2019

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Modeling Cities and Landscapes in 3D with CityGML

Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)

CityGML is the most important international standard used to model cities and landscapes in 3D with extensive semantics. Compared to BIM standards such as IFC, CityGML models are usually less detailed but they cover a much greater spatial extent. They are also available in any of five standardized levels of detail. CityGML serves as an exchange...

book chapter 2018

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Generating 3D city models without elevation data

Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)

Elevation datasets (e.g. point clouds) are an essential but often unavailable ingredient for the construction of 3D city models. We investigate in this paper to what extent can 3D city models be generated solely from 2D data without elevation measurements. We show that it is possible to predict the height of buildings from 2D data (their...

journal article 2017

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Het Level of Detail van 3D geo-informatie: Een bekend maar nauwelijks onderzocht concept

Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)

‘Level of Detail’ (LoD) is een veel gebruikt begrip in de 3D-geoinformatie wereld. Het detailniveauvan 3D-data speelt een rol bij de verschillende stappen in de 3D informatie keten, van inwinning tot gebruik. LoD is ook een van de belangrijkste basisprincipes van de internationale standaard CityGML, waarop de optionele 3D uitbreiding van IMGeo...

journal article 2017

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Towards an integration of GIS and BIM data: What are the geometric and topological issues?

Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Diakite, A.A. (author), Krijnen, Thomas (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)

Geographic information and building information modelling both model buildings and infrastructure, but the way in which they are modelled is usually complimentary and BIM-GIS integration is widely considered as a way forward for both domains. For one, more detailed BIM data can feed more general GIS data and GIS data can provide the context...

conference paper 2017

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Registration of Multi-Level Property Rights in 3D in The Netherlands: Two Cases and Next Steps in Further Implementation

Stoter, J.E. (author), Ploeger, H.D. (author), Roes, Ruben (author), van der Riet, Els (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Kok, Dirco (author), Kim, S. (author)

This article reports on the first 3D cadastral registration in The Netherlands, accomplished in March 2016. The solution was sought within the current cadastral, organisational, and technical frameworks to obtain a deeper knowledge on the optimal way of implementing 3D registration, while avoiding discussions between experts from different...

journal article 2017

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The effect of acquisition error and level of detail on the accuracy of spatial analyses

Biljecki, F. (author), Heuvelink, GBM (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)

There has been a great deal of research about errors in geographic information and how they affect spatial analyses. A typical GIS process introduces various types of errors at different stages, and such errors usually propagate into errors in the result of a spatial analysis. However, most studies consider only a single error type thus...

journal article 2017