HT-ATES system case study on TU Delft campus: Increasing efficiency with density difference compensation with the application of saline groundwater from deeper layers

High Temperature Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (HT-ATES) systems can be implemented to store geothermal energy, residual industrial heat and solar heat. Due to the large temperature differences between the injection fluid and ambient groundwater, buoyancy flow occurs, which causes heat losses which in turn results in poor efficiency of such...