Developing a particle mesh code for Modified Newtonian Dynamics

The rotational velocities of stars in galaxies indicate that either Newtonian gravity breaks down on this scale, or that there is extra mass in the universe that has not been observed. The former is known as Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), whereas the latter option is known as the dark matter paradigm. In this thesis a version of MOND is...

Studying the evolution of photochromic rare-earth metal oxyhydride films with UV exposure & cycling using optical transmission, X-ray diffraction, positron annihilation & ellipsometry

The main goal of this thesis is to better understand the photochromic mechanism in rare-earth (RE) oxyhydride thin films. When illuminated, these materials have shown to darken, and bleach to a transparent state when the illumination source is removed. The RE oxyhydride thin films used in this thesis are deposited using magnetron sputtering and...

Bose-Einstein condensate of annihilating paritcles: modelled as a Zero Range process

In this thesis the behaviour of a Bose Einstein condensate is explored that consists of bosons that annihilate. In order to do this a system where bose einstein condensation occurs is modeled as a Zero Range process which is a special case of a Markov process.<br/>First we made a single slow site Zero range process with uniform rates and see how...

Modified Newtonian Dynamics and the Bullet Cluster: A comparison with the dark matter model

The Bullet Cluster is a galaxy cluster, which is often used as evidence for dark matter [10]. In this thesis, Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is studied for various interpolation functions on a model of the Bullet<br/>Cluster. MOND is a theory proposed by Milgrom which modifies the Newtonian gravity law, such that it explains the flat...

Matter Distributions of Galaxy Clusters in Modified Newtonian Dynamics

Over the past century various different discrepancies in the expected and observed behaviour of galaxies and galaxy clusters were found. Together this is called the missing mass problem and the most well known theory trying to explain these differences states that there is additional undetectable mass in the form of dark matter. Modified...

Relating Modified Newtonian Dynamics to Dark matter: Application to a Virgo-like Galaxy cluster

In this thesis Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is explored in galaxy clusters similar to the Virgo cluster. MOND is a theory proposed to explain the flat rotation curves of galaxies and the velocities of galaxies within galaxy clusters, as an alternative to the Dark Matter (DM) model. MOND states that Newton’s law of gravitation is incorrect...

Slow sub-gap energy states as the origin of hysteresis in perovskite solar cells: Device modeling using Sentaurus

Solar cells can play a key role in the transition towards a sustainable future. This transition is one of the major challenges our society faces during the coming decades. Development of high-efficiency photovoltaic solutions at reasonable costs will help accelerating the transformation of our energy system. In this respect, perovskite solar...