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Cyber-Physical Testbed Co-simulation Real-Time: Normal and Abnormal System Frequency Response

Riquelme-Dominguez, Jose Miguel (author), Gonzalez-Longatt, Francisco (author), Melo, Andre Felipe Silva (author), Rueda, José L. (author), Palensky, P. (author)

Future carbon-neutral power systems impose many challenges; one is the urgent need for a simulation platform that allows replicating the complex systems’ actual dynamic performance. This paper shows the results of implementing a cyber-physical testbed co-simulation in real-time to analyse the system frequency response considering primary...

journal article 2023

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Split-based sequential sampling for realtime security assessment

Bugaje, A.-.A.B. (author), Cremer, Jochen (author), Strbac, Goran (author)

Machine learning (ML) for real-time security assessment requires a diverse training database to be accurate for scenarios beyond historical records. Generating diverse operating conditions is highly relevant for the uncertain future of emerging power systems that are completely different to historical power systems. In response, for the first...

journal article 2023

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Individual yield nowcasting for residential PV systems

Grzebyk, Daniel (author), Alcañiz Moya, A. (author), Donker, Jaap (author), Zeman, M. (author), Ziar, H. (author), Isabella, O. (author)

Due to the inherent uncertainty in photovoltaic (PV) energy generation, an accurate power forecasting is essential to ensure a reliable operation of PV systems and a safe electric grid. Machine learning (ML) techniques have gained popularity on the development of this task due to its increased accuracy. Most literature, however, focuses only...

journal article 2023

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Energy Loss Analysis of Two-Terminal Tandem PV Systems under Realistic Operating Conditions—Revealing the Importance of Fill Factor Gains

Blom, Y. (author), Vogt, M.R. (author), Ruiz Tobon, C.M. (author), Santbergen, R. (author), Zeman, M. (author), Isabella, O. (author)

The tandem PV technology can potentially increase the efficiency of PV modules over 30%. To design efficient modules, a quantification of the different losses is important. Herein, a model for quantifying the energy loss mechanisms in PV systems under real-world operating conditions with a level of detail back to the components and their...

journal article 2023

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Exploring Stability and Accuracy Limits of Distributed Real-Time Power System Simulations via System-of-Systems Cosimulation

Barbierato, Luca (author), Pons, Enrico (author), Bompard, Ettore Francesco (author), Subramaniam Rajkumar, Vetrivel (author), Palensky, P. (author), Bottaccioli, Lorenzo (author), Patti, Edoardo (author)

Electromagnetic transients (EMT) is the most accurate, but computationally expensive method of analyzing power system phenomena. Thereby, interconnecting several real-time simulators can unlock scalability and system coverage, but leads to a number of new challenges, mainly in time synchronization, numerical stability, and accuracy...

journal article 2023

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Towards Real-Time Distinction of Power System Faults and Cyber Attacks

Abedi, A. (author), Subramaniam Rajkumar, Vetrivel (author), Stefanov, Alexandru (author), Palensky, P. (author)

This paper presents a methodology to distinguish between three-phase faults and GOOSE cyber attacks, aimed at opening the circuit breakers in the power grid. We propose a scheme that utilizes Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)-enabled monitoring of power grid states, and communication network packet logs in the substation. In this scheme, by...

conference paper 2023

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Update Scheduling for ADMM-based Energy Sharing in Virtual Power Plants Considering Massive Prosumer Access

Feng, Cheng (author), Zheng, Kedi (author), Zhou, Yangze (author), Palensky, P. (author), Chen, Qixin (author)

With the proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs), electricity consumers in virtual power plants (VPPs) are transitioning into prosumers and are encouraged to share surplus energy with peers. Nevertheless, large-scale energy sharing among thousands of prosumers may encounter communication-related challenges. Communication network...

journal article 2023

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Developing an energy rating for bifacial photovoltaic modules

Vogt, M.R. (author), Pilis, Giorgos (author), Zeman, M. (author), Santbergen, R. (author), Isabella, O. (author)

The photovoltaic (PV) module energy rating standard series IEC 61853 does not cover bifacial PV modules. However, the market share of bifacial PV modules has dramatically increased in recent years and is projected to grow. This work demonstrates how Parts 3 and 4 of the IEC 61853 standard could be extended to bifacial modules. First, we...

journal article 2023

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Zero-sequence current suppression control for fault current damper based on model predictive control

Shetgaonkar, A.D. (author), Popov, M. (author), Palensky, P. (author), Lekić, A. (author)

In a multi-terminal direct current (MTdc) system based on a modular multilevel converter (MMC), high-speed and large interruption capability direct current circuit breakers (dc CBs) are required for dc fault interruption. However, commercializing these breakers is challenging, especially offshore, due to the large footprint of the surge...

journal article 2023

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Stable passivation of cut edges in encapsulated n-type silicon solar cells using Nafion polymer

Chen, N. (author), Tune, Daniel (author), Buchholz, Florian (author), Roescu, Razvan (author), Zeman, M. (author), Isabella, O. (author), Mihailetchi, Valentin D. (author)

In this study, the edge passivation effectiveness and long-term stability of Nafion polymer in n-type interdigitated back contact (IBC) solar cells are investigated. For new module technologies such as half-cut, triple-cut, or shingled modules, cutting of the cells introduces unpassivated edges with a high recombination rate and this limits the...

journal article 2023

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Strategies for realizing high-efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells

Zhao, Y. (author), Procel Moya, P.A. (author), Han, C. (author), Cao, L. (author), Yang, G. (author), Özkol, E. (author), Alcañiz, Alba (author), Kovačević, K. (author), Limodio, G. (author), Santbergen, R. (author), Smets, A.H.M. (author), Weeber, A.W. (author), Zeman, M. (author), Mazzarella, L. (author), Isabella, O. (author)

Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells have achieved a record efficiency of 26.81% in a front/back-contacted (FBC) configuration. Moreover, thanks to their advantageous high V_OC and good infrared response, SHJ solar cells can be further combined with wide bandgap perovskite cells forming tandem devices to enable efficiencies well...

journal article 2023

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Comprehensive Study on Transformer Fault Detection via Frequency Response Analysis

Kakolaki, Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini (author), Hakimian, Vahid (author), Sadeh, Javad (author), Rakhshani, E. (author)

The sudden outage of a transformer due to a fault can cause irreparable damage to the electricity industry. Hence, by conducting momentarily inspections of the transformer's condition, faults can be promptly detected, and the transformer can be disconnected from the power grid to prevent subsequent failures in this equipment. Detecting faults...

journal article 2023

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Hybrid Analytical Model for AC Copper Loss Computation of Hairpin Winding

Du, Yunlu (author), Huang, Yunkai (author), Guo, Baocheng (author), Peng, Fei (author), Yao, Y. (author), Dong, J. (author)

This article proposes a hybrid analytical model (HAM) for predicting ac copper losses in hairpin windings. The HAM combines the nonlinear semi-analytical model (SAM) and the 1-D ac copper loss computation model to solve the inaccurate boundary solutions of the 1-D ac copper loss computation model when magnetic saturation occurs in the stator...

journal article 2023

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Generating quality datasets for real-time security assessment: Balancing historically relevant and rare feasible operating conditions

Bugaje, A.-.A.B. (author), Cremer, Jochen (author), Strbac, Goran (author)

This paper presents a novel, unified approach for generating high-quality datasets for training machine-learned models for real-time security assessment in power systems. Synthetic data generation methods that extrapolate beyond historical data can be inefficient in generating feasible and rare operating conditions (OCs). The proposed...

journal article 2023

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Hybrid Energy Storage System Based on a Multioutput Multilevel Converter

Lizana, Ricardo (author), Rivera, Sebastian (author), Figueroa, Fidel (author), Flores-Bahamonde, Freddy (author), Rodriguez, Jose (author), Goetz, Stefan M. (author)

Energy storage systems (ESSs) allow improving the stability and efficiency of the electrical grids with a high penetration of renewable energy sources. Moreover, the use of Hybrid ESSs (HESSs) enables storage solutions with both high-energy and high-power densities, by combining different storage technologies such as diverse battery...

journal article 2023

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Specifications of a Simulation Framework for Virtualized Intelligent Electronic Devices in Smart Grids Covering Networking and Security Requirements

Kabbara, N. (author), Mwangi, A.W. (author), Gibescu, Madeleine (author), Abedi, A. (author), Stefanov, Alexandru (author), Palensky, P. (author)

As power system's operational technology converges with innovative information and communication technologies, the need for extensive resilience testing for scenarios covering the electrical grid, networking bottlenecks, as well as cyber security threats, become a necessity. This paper proposes a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary simulation...

conference paper 2023

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The Illuminator: An Open Source Energy System Integration Development Kit

Fu, A. (author), Saini, Raghav (author), Koornneef, R.N. (author), van der Meer, A.A. (author), Palensky, P. (author), Cvetkovic, M. (author)

This paper introduces a flexible and extendable easy-to-use energy system integration development kit: the Illuminator. The Illuminator illustrates challenges arising from the energy transition. Hence, it is suitable in education and for demonstration. It also acts as a sandbox for testing new research concepts, and particularly, distributed...

conference paper 2023

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Optimal Energy Scheduling of Flexible Industrial Prosumers via Reinforcement Learning

van den Bovenkamp, Nick (author), Giraldo, Juan S. (author), Salazar Duque, Edgar Mauricio (author), Vergara Barrios, P.P. (author), Konstantinou, Charalambos (author), Palensky, P. (author)

This paper introduces an energy management system (EMS) aiming to minimize electricity operating costs using reinforcement learning (RL) with a linear function approximation. The proposed EMS uses a Q-learning with tile coding (QLTC) algorithm and is compared to a deterministic mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) with perfect forecast...

conference paper 2023

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Cyber Attacks on Power Grids: Causes and Propagation of Cascading Failures

Subramaniam Rajkumar, Vetrivel (author), Stefanov, Alexandru (author), Presekal, A. (author), Palensky, P. (author), Rueda, José L. (author)

Cascading effects in the power grid involve an uncontrolled, successive failure of elements. The root cause of such failures is the combined occurrence of multiple, statistically rare events that may result in a blackout. With increasing digitalisation, power systems are vulnerable to emergent cyber threats. Furthermore, such threats are not...

journal article 2023

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Congestion management in electricity distribution networks: Smart tariffs, local markets and direct control

Hennig, R.J. (author), De Vries, Laurens (author), Tindemans, Simon H. (author)

Increasing peaks from high-power loads such as EVs and heat pumps lead to congestion of electric distribution grids. The inherent flexibility of these loads could be used to resolve congestion events. Possible options for this are smart network tariffs, market-based approaches, and direct control of flexible loads by the network operator. In...

journal article 2023