3-D seismic acquisition geometry design and analysis: Investigation of the requirements to include illumination from all multiples

A seismic survey should be designed such that imaging of the acquired data leads to a sufficiently accurate subsurface image. For that purpose, methods for acquisition geometry analysis and design are available. These methods are used to judge whether an acquisition geometry is suited for the specified objectives. Conventional 2D and 3D...

Characterization of heterogeneous fracture compliance using multiple reflections coupled with data-driven Green's function retrieval

The spatial heterogeneity along a fracture is a key determinant for fracture-associated hydraulic properties. We propose a new method to estimate the heterogeneous compliance distribution of a fracture from the reflection response at the fracture surface. For this purpose, we formulate a data-driven approach for Green's function retrieval based...

Theoretical and practical limitations of IME-algorithms

Several internal multiple prediction methods have been proposed in the past and are still actively being researched. Of those, the Jakubowicz method is currently the most attractive and applied one, as it only uses surface data in a convolution and correlation process, and is therefore computationally relatively cheap. This allows its commercial...

Marchenko imaging: Imaging with primaries, internal multiples, and free-surface multiples

Recent work on retrieving the Green’s function with the Marchenko equation shows how these functions for a virtual source in the subsurface can be obtained from reflection data. The response to the virtual source is the Green’s function from the location of the virtual source to the surface. The Green’s function is retrieved using only the...

Autofocusing imaging: Imaging with primaries, internal multiples and free-surface multiples

Recent work on autofocusing with the Marchenko equation has shown how the Green's function for a virtual source in the subsurface can be obtained from reflection data. The response to the virtual source is the Green's function from the location of the virtual source to the surface. The Green's function is retrieved using only the reflection...

3-D acquisition geometry analysis: Incorporating information from multiples

Recent advances in survey design have led to conventional common-midpoint-based analysis being replaced by the subsurface-based seismic acquisition analysis and design, with the emphasis on advance techniques of illumination analysis. Amongst them are wave-equation-based seismic illumination analyses such as the so-called focal beam method. The...

Marchenko imaging

Traditionally, the Marchenko equation forms a basis for 1D inverse scattering problems. A 3D extension of the Marchenko equation enables the retrieval of the Green’s response to a virtual source in the subsurface from reflection measurements at the earth’s surface. This constitutes an important step beyond seismic interferometry. Whereas seismic...

Data-driven wavefield focusing and imaging with multidimensional deconvolution: Numerical examples for reflection data with internal multiples

Standard imaging techniques rely on the single scattering assumption. This requires that the recorded data do not include internal multiples, i.e., waves that have bounced multiple times between reflectors before reaching the receivers at the acquisition surface. When multiple reflections are present in the data, standard imaging algorithms...

Green's function retrieval with Marchenko equations: A sensitivity analysis

Recent research showed that the Marchenko equation can be used to construct the Green’s function for a virtual source position in the subsurface. The method requires the reflection response at the surface and an estimate of the direct arrival of the wavefield, traveling from the virtual source location to the acquisition surface. In this paper,...

Data-driven Green's function retrieval and imaging with multidimensional deconvolution: Numerical examples for reflection data with internal multiples

Standard imaging techniques rely on the single scattering assumption. This requires that the recorded data do not include internal multiples, i.e. waves bouncing multiple times between layers before reaching the receivers at the acquisition surface. When multiple reflections are present in the data, standard imaging algorithms incorrectly image...

Interferometric redatuming of autofocused primaries and internal multiples

Recently, an iterative scheme has been introduced to retrieve the down- and upgoing Green's functions at an arbitrary level ?F inside an acoustic medium as if there were a source at the surface. This scheme requires as input the reflection response acquired at the surface and the direct arrival of the transmission response from the surface to...

Three-dimensional Marchenko equation for Green's function retrieval “beyond seismic interferometry”

In recent work we showed with heuristic arguments that the Green's response to a virtual source in the subsurface can be obtained from reflection data at the surface. This method is called “Green's function retrieval beyond seismic interferometry”, because, unlike in seismic interferometry, no receiver is needed at the position of the virtual...