Numerical evaluation of stability methods for rubble mound breakwater toes

Since 1977 dedicated studies are made to the stability of rubble mound break-water toes under wave attack. A large number of stability methods is available, but prediction accuracy is low and validity ranges are too small for use in prac-tice. In this research the decoupled model approach is used to evaluate predic-tion capacity of existing toe...

Numerical evaluation of stability methods for rubble mound breakwater toes

Seaports are often protected against waves and currents by rubble mound breakwaters. At the interface between outer breakwater slope and seabed a toe structure is often build, which provides stability to the outer slope. The toe consists of a relatively small heap of rock. Since 1977 dedicated studies are made to the stability of these rock...

New developments in toe berm design for breakwaters

In the ROCK MANUAL (2007) some guidance is given for the design of toes for breakwaters. However, for very shallow toes, as well as for very wide toes (or berms) this guidance is only marginally. Recently a number of shallow berms and toes have been constructed, partly with the intention to lower the height of the breakwater. These works showed...