Vacuum Referred Binding Energy of the Single 3d, 4d, or 5d Electron in Transition Metal and Lanthanide Impurities in Compounds

The vacuum referred binding energy (VRBE) of the single electron in the lowest energy 3d level of Sc2 +, V4 +, Cr5 +, the lowest 4d level of Y2 +, Zr3 +, Nb4 +, Mo5 + and the lowest 5d level of Ta4 +, and W5 + in various compounds are determined by means of the chemical shift model. They will be compared with the VRBE in the already established...

Scintillation properties of Ca co-doped L(Y)SO:Ce between 193 K and 373 K for TOF-PET/MRI

Vacuum Referred Binding Energies of the Lanthanides in Transition Metal Oxide Compounds

The electronic level schemes for divalent and trivalent lanthanide ions in rare earth (La, Gd, Y, Lu, Sc) vanadate, niobate, tantalate, and in alkaline earth (Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg) titanate, molybdate, and tungstate compounds are presented. Use is made of data from luminescence excitation and absorption spectra of lanthanide (mostly Eu3 +, Pr3 +, and...

33000 photons per MeV from mixed (Lu0.75Y0.25)3Al5O12:Pr scintillator crystals

(LuxY1-x)3Al5O12:Pr (x = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75) crystals have been grown by the Czochralski method and their scintillation properties have been examined. Compared to the well-respected LuAG:Pr scintillator, which has so extensively been studied in the recent years, the new mixed LuYAG:Pr crystals display markedly higher light yields, regardless of...

The Electronic Structure of Lanthanide Impurities in TiO2, ZnO, SnO2, and Related Compounds

The vacuum referred binding energy of electrons in the 4fn levels for all divalent and trivalent lanthanide impurity states in TiO2, ZnO, SnO2, and related compounds MTiO3 and MSnO3 (M = Ca2 +, Sr2 +, Ba2 +) and Ca2SnO4 are presented. They are obtained by collecting data from the literature on the spectroscopy of lanthanide ions, and by...

Energy resolution and related charge carrier mobility in LaBr3:Ce scintillators

The scintillation response of LaBr3:Ce scintillation crystals was studied as function of temperature and Ce concentration with synchrotron X-rays between 9?keV and 100?keV. The results were analyzed using the theory of carrier transport in wide band gap semiconductors to gain new insights into charge carrier generation, diffusion, and capture...

Improvement of LaBr3:5%Ce scintillation properties by Li1, Na1, Mg21, Ca21, Sr21, and Ba21 co-doping

This paper reports on the effects of Liþ, Naþ, Mg2þ, Ca2þ, Sr2þ, and Ba2þ co-doping on the scintillation properties of LaBr3:5%Ce3þ. Pulse-height spectra of various gamma and X-ray sources with energies from 8 keV to 1.33 MeV were measured from which the values of light yield and energy resolution were derived. Sr2þ and Ca2þ co-doped crystals...

Improvement of ?-ray energy resolution of LaBr3:Ce3+ scintillation detectors by Sr2+ and Ca2+ co-doping

Commercially available LaBr3:5% Ce3+ scintillators show with photomultiplier tube readout about 2.7% energy resolution for the detection of 662?keV ?-rays. Here we will show that by co-doping LaBr3:Ce3+ with Sr2+ or Ca2+ the resolution is improved to 2.0%. Such an improvement is attributed to a strong reduction of the scintillation light losses...

Photoluminescence Properties of Red-Emitting Mn2+-Activated CaAlSiN3 Phosphor for White-LEDs

Mn2+-doped CaAlSiN3 phosphors have been prepared by a solid-state reaction method at high temperature and the solubility of Mn2+ in the host lattice as well as their photoluminescence properties were investigated. In CaAlSiN3, not only Ca2+ sites, but also Al3+ sites can be substituted by Mn2+ ions. CaAlSiN3 : Mn2+ absorbs blue light in the...

Determining binding energies of valence-band electrons in insulators and semiconductors via lanthanide spectroscopy

Models and methods to determine the absolute binding energy of 4f-shell electrons in lanthanide dopants will be combined with data on the energy of electron transfer from the valence band to a lanthanide dopant. This work will show that it provides a powerful tool to determine the absolute binding energy of valence band electrons throughout the...

A review on how Lanthanide impurity levels change with chemistry and structure of inorganic compounds

The energy of the 4f-5d transitions of divalent and trivalent lanthanide impurities in compounds depends strongly on the type of lanthanide, its valence, and the type of compound. Despite this large variability there is much systematic in 4f-5d transition energy. Once it is known for one lanthanide that for all others when in the same compound...