Quality assessment of a nationwide data set containing automatically reconstructed 3d building models

Fully automated reconstruction of high-detail building models on a national scale is challenging. It raises a set of problems that are seldom found when processing smaller areas, single cities. Often there is no reference, ground truth available to evaluate the quality of the reconstructed models. Therefore, only relative quality metrics are...

3D en de Omgevingswet, deel 2

De Omgevingswet, die naar verwachting in 2018 in werking treedt, integreert vele wetten op het gebied van de fysieke leefomgeving. Onder deze wet vallen thema’s als: bouwen, milieu, waterbeheer, ruimtelijke ordening, monumentenzorg en natuur. Bijna al deze thema’s hebben een 3D-component en daarom wordt vaak de vraag gesteld of de Omgevingswet...

Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review

In the last decades, 3D city models appear to have been predominantly used for visualisation; however, today they are being increasingly employed in a number of domains and for a large range of tasks beyond visualisation. In this paper, we seek to understand and document the state of the art regarding the utilisation of 3D city models across...

Storing a 3D city model, its levels of detail and the correspondences between objects as a 4D combinatorial map

3D city models of the same region at multiple LODs are encumbered by the lack of links between corresponding objects across LODs. In practice, this causes inconsistency during updates and maintenance problems. A radical solution to this problem is to model the LOD of a model as a dimension in the geometric sense, such that a set of connected...

Modeling a 3D City Model and Its Levels of Detail as a True 4D Model

The various levels of detail (LODs) of a 3D city model are often stored independently, without links between the representations of the same object, causing inconsistencies, as well as update and maintenance problems. One solution to this problem is to model the LOD as an extra geometric dimension perpendicular to the three spatial ones,...

Redefining the Level of Detail for 3D models

Cities are increasingly adopting 3D city models for 3D visualisation, computing solar panel potential of roofs, and other applications. In a similar way to traditional maps, 3D models are an abstraction of the real world: certain elements are simplifi ed or omitted. The amount of detail that is captured in a 3D model, both in terms of geometry...

Improving the consistency of multi-LOD CityGML datasets by removing redundancy

The CityGML standard enables the modelling of some topological relationships, and the representation in multiple levels of detail (LODs). However, both concepts are rarely utilised in reality. In this paper we investigate the linking of corresponding geometric features across multiple representations. We describe the possible topological cases,...

Height references of CityGML LOD1 buildings and their influence on applications

The geometry of the LOD1 block model of CityGML may be represented in a multitude of valid variants, e.g. it may represent individual buildings or aggregated blocks. The geometric representations within each of these, such as the reference of the footprint of a building, are not standardised in CityGML and are not informed in the metadata. The...

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