Digital geoTwin: A CityGML-Based Data Model for the Virtual Replica of the City of Vienna

This paper presents a CityGML-based data model developed for the semantic 3D city model of Vienna, Austria. The data model consists in a profile of the CityGML 2.0 standard and has been extended by means of an Application Domain Extension (ADE) developed by the Department for Surveying and Mapping of the City of Vienna in order to comply with...

Assessment of the LoD Specification for the Integration of BIM-Derived Building Models in 3D City Models

Although level of detail (LoD) is a central concept in 3D city modelling, specifying different LoDs in an unambiguous manner is not straightforward. To resolve this, a set of frameworks have been developed. This paper evaluates the suitability of the LoD framework of (Biljecki et al. 2016) for 3D building models that have been generated directly...

Development of a Geo to BIM Converter: CityJSON Importer Plugin for Autodesk Revit

The integration of 3D city models and Building Information Models (BIM) in the context of GeoBIM has gained significant attention from both academia and industry. Harmonizing the distinct characteristics and goals of these models is crucial for successful integration. In this paper, we present the development of a plugin for Autodesk Revit, a...

A proposal for an improved transportation model in CityGML

CityGML, an OGC standard, is an open data model for virtual 3D city models and includes buildings, roads, terrain, water bodies, etc. While many modules are well-developed (eg buildings, bridges, tunnels), the transportation model is, based on our consultations with various government agencies and municipalities, not sufficient for most...

Topological Reconstruction of 3D City Models with preservation of semantics

3D city models are becoming increasingly important for applications such as evacuation scenarios and energy consumption estimation. For these applications embedding semantic information on geometry is a key factor. The most popular implementation of modern 3D city models is based on the CityGML data model which describes spatial 3D data using a...

Shadow detection from VHR aerial images in urban area by using 3D city models and a decision fusion approach

In VHR(very high resolution) aerial images, shadows indicating height information are valuable for validating or detecting changes on an existing 3D city model. In the paper, we propose a novel and full automatic approach for shadow detection from VHR images. Instead of automatic thresholding, the supervised machine learning approach is...

Estimating building age with 3D GIS

Building datasets (e.g. footprints in OpenStreetMap and 3D city models) are becoming increasingly available worldwide. However, the thematic (attribute) aspect is not always given attention, as many of such datasets are lacking in completeness of attributes. A prominent attribute of buildings is the year of construction, which is useful for some...

The most common geometric and semantic errors in CityGML datasets

To be used as input in most simulation and modelling software, 3D city models should be geometrically and topologically valid, and semantically rich. We investigate in this paper what is the quality of currently available CityGML datasets, i.e. we validate the geometry/topology of the 3D primitives (Solid and MultiSurface), and we validate...

Towards automatic semantic labelling of 3D city models

The lack of semantic information in many 3D city models is a considerable limiting factor in their use, as a lot of applications rely on semantics. Such information is not always available, since it is not collected at all times, it might be lost due to data transformation, or its lack may be caused by non-interoperability in data integration...

Error propagation in the computation of volumes in 3D city models with the Monte Carlo method

This paper describes the analysis of the propagation of positional uncertainty in 3D city models to the uncertainty in the computation of their volumes. Current work related to error propagation in GIS is limited to 2D data and 2D GIS operations, especially of rasters. In this research we have (1) developed two engines, one that generates random...

Semantic 3D city model to raster generalisation for water run-off modelling

Water run-off modelling applied within urban areas requires an appropriate detailed surface model represented by a raster height grid. Accurate simulations at this scale level have to take into account small but important water barriers and flow channels given by the large-scale map definitions of buildings, street infrastructure, and other...

Revisiting the concept level of detail in 3D city modelling

This review paper discusses the concept of level of detail in 3D city modelling, and is a first step towards a foundation for a standardised definition. As an introduction, a few level of detail specifications, outlooks and approaches are given from the industry. The paper analyses the general uncertainties and shortcomings around the concept of...

Automatic registration of iPhone images to laser point clouds of urban structures using shape features

Fusion of 3D airborne laser (LIDAR) data and terrestrial optical imagery can be applied in 3D urban modeling and model up-dating. The most challenging aspect of the fusion procedure is registering the terrestrial optical images on the LIDAR point clouds. In this article, we propose an approach for registering these two different data from...

Simplified 3D city models from LiDAR

Aerial laser scan data is widely used to produce 2½D digital elevation models automatically. However, creating full 3D city models from this data is a complex task. A simplified 3D model, like a 2½D model with vertical walls will be easier to produce automatically, especially when the model is not produced to look nice, but just to give...

Shadow effect on photovoltaic potentiality analysis using 3D city models

Due to global warming, green-house effect and various other drawbacks of existing energy sources, renewable energy like Photovoltaic system is being popular for energy production. The result of photovoltaic potentiality analysis depends on data quality and parameters. Shadow rapidly decreases performance of the Photovoltaic system and it always...

Embedding 3D into multipurpose cadastre

There is no doubt that the cadastral map provides a useful entrance to information in a land parcel based information system. However, such information system could be made more meaningful and useful if it can be extended for multiple usages with multi data layers, and in three-dimensions (3D). Currently, many national mapping and cadastral...