Searched for: subject%3A%223D%255C%252Bcity%255C%252Bmodel%22
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Zhao, J. (author)
The level of detail in 3D city modelling, despite its usefulness and importance, is still an ambiguous and undefined term. It is used for the communication of how thoroughly real-world features have been acquired and modelled, as we demonstrate in this paper. Its definitions vary greatly between practitioners, standards and institutions. We...
journal article 2014
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J. (author)
This paper describes the analysis of the propagation of positional uncertainty in 3D city models to the uncertainty in the computation of their volumes. Current work related to error propagation in GIS is limited to 2D data and 2D GIS operations, especially of rasters. In this research we have (1) developed two engines, one that generates random...
conference paper 2014
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Rönsdorf, Carsten (author), Wilson, Debbie (author), Stoter, Jantien (author)
As our urban environments are densifying, it is essential to extend traditional cadastral systems that are based on two dimensional representation of ownership to support 3D. With the need to define property ownership in vertical as well as horizontal dimensions becoming pertinent around the world, a practical solution to represent 3D cadastral...
conference paper 2014
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Biljecki, F. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Zlatanova, S. (author), Coltekin, A. (author)
In the last decades, 3D city models appear to have been predominantly used for visualisation; however, today they are being increasingly employed in a number of domains and for a large range of tasks beyond visualisation. In this paper, we seek to understand and document the state of the art regarding the utilisation of 3D city models across...
journal article 2015
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Rook, Merwin (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Diakite, A.A. (author)
The lack of semantic information in many 3D city models is a considerable limiting factor in their use, as a lot of applications rely on semantics. Such information is not always available, since it is not collected at all times, it might be lost due to data transformation, or its lack may be caused by non-interoperability in data integration...
conference paper 2016
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Du, X. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Soon, Kean Huat (author), Khoo, Victor (author)
To be used as input in most simulation and modelling software, 3D city models should be geometrically and topologically valid, and semantically rich. We investigate in this paper what is the quality of currently available CityGML datasets, i.e. we validate the geometry/topology of the 3D primitives (Solid and MultiSurface), and we validate...
conference paper 2016
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Biljecki, F. (author), Sindram, M. (author)
Building datasets (e.g. footprints in OpenStreetMap and 3D city models) are becoming increasingly available worldwide. However, the thematic (attribute) aspect is not always given attention, as many of such datasets are lacking in completeness of attributes. A prominent attribute of buildings is the year of construction, which is useful for some...
conference paper 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author)
The concept of level of detail (LOD) describes the content of 3D city models and it plays an essential role during their life cycle. On one hand it comes akin to the concepts of scale in cartography and LOD in computer graphics, on the other hand it is a standalone concept that requires attention. LOD has an influence on tendering and...
doctoral thesis 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
Elevation datasets (e.g. point clouds) are an essential but often unavailable ingredient for the construction of 3D city models. We investigate in this paper to what extent can 3D city models be generated solely from 2D data without elevation measurements. We show that it is possible to predict the height of buildings from 2D data (their...
journal article 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Nagel, Claus (author)
The Application Domain Extension (ADE) is a built-in mechanism of CityGML to augment its data model with additional concepts required by particular use cases. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the ADE mechanism and a literature review of developments since its introduction a decade ago. The discovery of publications found that...
journal article 2018
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Vitalis, S. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
3D city models are becoming increasingly important for applications such as evacuation scenarios and energy consumption estimation. For these applications embedding semantic information on geometry is a key factor. The most popular implementation of modern 3D city models is based on the CityGML data model which describes spatial 3D data using a...
conference paper 2018
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Ledoux, H. (author)
The validity of 3D primitives in 3D GIS datasets is often a prerequisite for using them in simulation and decision-making software, e.g. visibility analysis, noise pollution assessment, and energy estimation. However, while agreed definitions exist (in the international standard ISO19107), most software vendors ignore them and implement simpler...
journal article 2018
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Labetski, A. (author), van Gerwen, Stefan (author), Tamminga, G.F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
CityGML, an OGC standard, is an open data model for virtual 3D city models and includes buildings, roads, terrain, water bodies, etc. While many modules are well-developed (eg buildings, bridges, tunnels), the transportation model is, based on our consultations with various government agencies and municipalities, not sufficient for most...
conference paper 2018
document
Labetski, A. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
While there exist international standards for geospatial metadata (ISO 19115), these are rarely used in practice for 3D datasets, and one of the OGC standards for 3D city models, CityGML, does not offer a mechanism to store metadata in a structured way. Having metadata in CityGML files, which are in practice often very large and complex, would...
journal article 2018
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Ledoux, H. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Dukai, B. (author), Labetski, A. (author), Vitalis, S. (author)
The international standard CityGML is both a data model and an exchange format to store digital 3D models of cities. While the data model is used by several cities, companies, and governments, in this paper we argue that its XML-based exchange format has several drawbacks. These drawbacks mean that it is difficult for developers to implement...
journal article 2019
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Vitalis, S. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
3D city models are being extensively used in applications such as evacuation scenarios and energy consumption estimation. The main standard for 3D city models is the CityGML data model which can be encoded through the CityJSON data format. CityGML and CityJSON use polygonal modelling in order to represent geometries. True topological data...
journal article 2019
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Noardo, F. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
An investigation into the implementation state of open standards in software is currently ongoing through the ISPRS/EuroSDR ‘GeoBIM benchmark 2019’ initiative, which kicked off earlier this year. The benchmark activity provides a way of assessing and comparing the functionality of different software packages in GIS and BIM in terms of their...
journal article 2019
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Vitalis, S. (author), Labetski, A. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
A 3D city model should be constantly updated with new versions, either to reflect the changes in its real-world counterpart, or to improve and correct parts of the model. However, the current standards for 3D city models do not support versioning, and existing version control systems do not work well with 3D city models. In this paper, we...
journal article 2019
document
Kumar, Kavisha (author), Labetski, A. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
The Level of Detail (LOD) concept in CityGML 2.0 is meant to differentiate the multiple representations of semantic 3D city models. Despite the popularity and general acceptance of the concept by the practitioners and stakeholders in 3D city modelling, there are still some limitations. While the CityGML LOD concept is well defined for buildings,...
journal article 2019
document
Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Krijnen, Thomas (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
GeoBIM, the integration of 3D geoinformation (Geo) with building information models (BIM), is a subject of increasing attention in both domains. A well-known practical challenge for this integration is the mixed state of software support for open standards in each domain that would ease the integration. This is often known by practitioners but...
journal article 2019
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