Functional grading of low alloy steel to 316 L by wire arc additive manufacturing – Microstructural and mechanical characterization of bi-metal interface

This study examines the interface layer between a high-strength low-alloy steel and an overlaying austenitic stainless steel as deposited through wire arc additive manufacturing in a bi-metal block. By utilizing optical and electron microscopy techniques, and accompanied by phenomenological and thermodynamic modeling, the work elucidates on...

Mechanical properties of 3D printed CMT-WAAM 316 LSi stainless steel walls

The use of 3D printed stainless steel requires a deep knowledge of its mechanical properties. This paper presents material characterisation of 316LSi austenitic stainless-steel coupons manufactured by CMT-WAAM, considering different deposition directions. The specimens were tested according to ISO 6892-1, the fractures surfaces were examined...

Inoculation as grain refinement strategy for Wire Arc Manufacturing of Invar 36

Additive manufacturing (AM) refers to a series of techniques in which parts are created by successive deposition of layers. Among the different technologies, Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) employs a welding system in combination with a motion mechanism to deposit layers of molten metal. This technology possesses high deposition rates and...

Anomaly Detection in WAAM Deposition of Nickel Alloys: Single-Material and Cross-Material Analysis

The current research work investigates the possibility of using machine learning models to deduce the relationship between WAAM (wire arc additive manufacturing) sensor responses and defect presence in the printed part. The work specifically focuses on three materials from the nickel alloy family – Inconel 718, Invar 36 and Inconel 625, and uses...

Fabrication sequence optimization for minimizing distortion in multi-axis additive manufacturing

Additive manufacturing of metal parts involves phase transformations and high temperature gradients which lead to uneven thermal expansion and contraction, and, consequently, distortion of the fabricated components. The distortion has a great influence on the structural performance and dimensional accuracy, e.g., for assembly. It is therefore...

Predicting Thermal History, Microstructure and Hardness of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Parts

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a manufacturing technique with the ability to produce large metal parts with relatively complex geometrical shapes. One obstacle limiting full exploitation of WAAM in the industry is uncertainty on the mechanical properties of manufactured parts. Mechanical properties are strongly influenced by the...

Experiments and numerical simulation of wire and arc additive manufactured steel materials

In recent years, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has increasingly attracted attention in the construction sector because of its ability to optimize the production of large metallic structural parts, and for use in connections suitable for easy execution and potential reuse. The technology has become mature leading to shorter fabrication...

A computationally efficient thermo-mechanical model for wire arc additive manufacturing

Residual stresses and distortions are major obstacles against the more widespread application of wire arc additive manufacturing. Since the steep temperature gradients due to a moving localised heat source are inevitable in this process, accurate prediction of the thermally induced residual stresses and distortions is of paramount importance....

3D Additive Manufacturing: Microstructural Evolution of HSLA Steel in WAAM process

This research mainly investigates the relationship between the process condition, the microstructural evolution and the mechanical properties of the low carbon S690 steel in complex WAAM deposited structures. Besides, the optimum process parameters for improving the quality of the multi-pass multi-layer structure are also the research topic in...