Iron and arsenic removal in triple- and single-bed filters: The effect of pH, filtration velocity and filtrate recirculation

Arsenic in groundwater can constitute a persistent nuisance for water treatment facilities when it exceeds the admissible limit of 10 μg/L. Recently, a stricter limit has been set as a new challenging target by many companies in the Netherlands, which is below 1 μg/L. However, most of the groundwater treatment plants have been conventionally...