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Skrickij, Viktor (author), Kojis, Paulius (author), Šabanovič, Eldar (author), Shyrokau, B. (author), Ivanov, Valentin (author)Integrated chassis control systems represent a significant advancement in the dynamics of ground vehicles, aimed at enhancing overall performance, comfort, handling, and stability. As vehicles transition from internal combustion to electric platforms, integrated chassis control systems have evolved to meet the demands of electrification and...review 2024
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El Jouhri, A. (author), El Sharkawy, A. (author), Paksoy, H. (author), Youssif, O.K.S.A. (author), He, X. (author), Kim, S. (author), Happee, R. (author)Introduction: SAE Level 3 is known as conditional driving automation. As long as certain conditions are met, there is no need to supervise the technology and the driver can engage in non-driving related tasks (NDRTs). However, a human driver must be present and alert to take over when the automation is facing its system limits. When such an...journal article 2023
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Nordhoff, S. (author), Lee, John D. (author), Calvert, S.C. (author), Berge, S.H. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author), Happee, R. (author)Tesla's Full Self-Driving Beta (FSD) program introduces technology that extends the operational design domain of standard Autopilot from highways to urban roads. This research conducted 103 in-depth semi-structured interviews with users of Tesla's FSD Beta and standard Autopilot to evaluate the impact on user behavior and perception. It was...journal article 2023
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Siebinga, O. (author), Zgonnikov, A. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)A major challenge for autonomous vehicles is interacting with other traffic participants safely and smoothly. A promising approach to handle such traffic interactions is equipping autonomous vehicles with interaction-aware controllers (IACs). These controllers predict how surrounding human drivers will respond to the autonomous vehicle’s actions...journal article 2022
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)A major question in human-automation interaction is whether tasks should be traded or shared between human and automation. This work presents reflections—which have evolved through classroom debates between the authors over the past 10 years—on these two forms of human-automation interaction, with a focus on the automated driving domain. As...journal article 2022
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Zhou, Feng (author), Yang, X. Jessie (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Situation awareness (SA) is critical to improving takeover performance during the transition period from automated driving to manual driving. Although many studies measured SA during or after the driving task, few studies have attempted to predict SA in real time in automated driving. In this work, we propose to predict SA during the takeover...journal article 2022
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Aldea, Anna (author), Tinga, Angelica M. (author), van Zeumeren, I.M. (author), van Nes, C.N. (author), Aschenbrenner, D. (author)Higher levels of vehicle automation come with new challenges for designing safe systems. The Human Machine-Interface (HMI) plays a key role in mediating the interaction between the human driver and vehicle automation. By providing the driver with appropriate feedback, the HMI has the potential to increase mode awareness and situational...conference paper 2022
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Mullakkal-Babu, F.A. (author), Wang, M. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)We present a simulation-based approach to assess the safety impacts of vehicles equipped with Automated Driving Systems (ADS) in mixed traffic with Human-driven Vehicles (HV). Specifically, we compare two generic longitudinal strategies of ADS to handle a cut-in: Reactive ADS acting only when the cut-in vehicle crosses the target lane boundary,...journal article 2020
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Kaleefathullah, Anees Ahamed (author), Merat, Natasha (author), Lee, Yee Mun (author), Eisma, Y.B. (author), Madigan, Ruth (author), Garcia, Jorge (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Objective: To investigate pedestrians’ misuse of an automated vehicle (AV) equipped with an external human–machine interface (eHMI). Misuse occurs when a pedestrian enters the road because of uncritically following the eHMI’s message. Background: Human factors research indicates that automation misuse is a concern. However, there is no...journal article 2020
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Driving simulators are regarded as valuable tools for human factors research on automated driving and traffic safety. However, simulators that enable the study of human-human interactions are rare. In this study, we present an open-source coupled simulator developed in Unity. The simulator supports input from head-mounted displays, motion suits,...conference paper 2020
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Ajanovic, Zlatan (author), Klomp, Matthijs (author), Lacevic, Bakir (author), Shyrokau, B. (author), Pretto, Paolo (author), Islam, Hassaan (author), Stettinger, Georg (author), Horn, Martin (author)Closed-loop validation of autonomous vehicles is an open problem, significantly influencing development and adoption of this technology. The main contribution of this paper is a novel approach to reproducible, scenario-based validation that decouples the problem into several sub-problems, while avoiding to brake the crucial couplings. First,...conference paper 2020
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Future automated vehicles may be equipped with external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) capable of signaling to pedestrians whether or not they can cross the road. There is currently no consensus on the correct colors for eHMIs. Industry and academia have already proposed a variety of eHMI colors, including red and green, as well as colors...conference paper 2020
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Eisma, Y.B. (author), van Bergen, Steven (author), ter Brake, Sjoerd (author), Hensen, Matthijs (author), Tempelaar, Willem Jan (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In the future, automated cars may feature external human–machine interfaces (eHMIs) to communicate relevant information to other road users. However, it is currently unknown where on the car the eHMI should be placed. In this study, 61 participants each viewed 36 animations of cars with eHMIs on either the roof, windscreen, grill, above the...journal article 2020
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Stapel, J.C.J. (author), El Hassnaoui, Mounir (author), Happee, R. (author)Objective: To investigate how well gaze behavior can indicate driver awareness of individual road users when related to the vehicle’s road scene perception. Background: An appropriate method is required to identify how driver gaze reveals awareness of other road users. Method: We developed a recognition-based method for labeling of driver...journal article 2020
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author)This PhD thesis document is a collection of several of my published (and submitted) peer review journal articles from underneath the Human Factors of Automated Driving (HF Auto, PITN-GA-2013-605817) seventh framework program (FP7) of the European Commission. The topics include: human factors, automotive road safety, autonomous/automated driving...doctoral thesis 2019
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Snelder, M. (author), Wilmink, Isabel (author), van der Gun, J.P.T. (author), Bergveld, Hendrik Jan (author), Hoseini, Parvin (author), van Arem, B. (author)This paper presents a model specifically developed to explore the mobility impacts of connected and automated driving and shared mobility. It is an explorative iterative model that uses an elasticity model for destination choice, a multinomial logit model for mode choice and a network fundamental diagram to assess traffic impacts. To the best...conference paper 2019
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Eriksson, Alexander (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Zimmermann, Markus (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Bengler, Klaus J. (author), Stanton, Neville A. (author)This paper assessed four types of human–machine interfaces (HMIs), classified according to the stages of automation proposed by Parasuraman et al. [“A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybern. A, Syst. Humans, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 286–297, May 2000]. We hypothesized that drivers would...journal article 2019
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Kooijman, L. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In future traffic, automated vehicles may be equipped with external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) that can communicate with pedestrians. Previous research suggests that, during first encounters, pedestrians regard text-based eHMIs as clearer than light-based eHMIs. However, in much of the previous research, pedestrians were asked to imagine...journal article 2019
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Eriksson, Alexander (author), Dreger, F.A. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)This work aimed to organise recommendations for keeping people engaged during human supervision of driving automation, encouraging a safe and acceptable introduction of automated driving systems. First, heuristic knowledge of human factors, ergonomics, and psychological theory was used to propose solution areas to human supervisory control...journal article 2019
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de Clercq, Koen (author), Dietrich, Andre (author), Nuñez Velasco, J.P. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author)Objective: In this article, we investigated the effects of external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) on pedestrians’ crossing intentions. Background: Literature suggests that the safety (i.e., not crossing when unsafe) and efficiency (i.e., crossing when safe) of pedestrians’ interactions with automated vehicles could increase if automated...journal article 2019
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