A Cryo-CMOS PLL for Quantum Computing Applications

This article presents the first cryogenic phase-locked loop (PLL) operating at 4.2 K. The PLL is designed for the control system of scalable quantum computers. The specifications of PLL are derived from the required control fidelity for a single-qubit operation. By considering the benefits and challenges of cryogenic operation, a dedicated...

A Cryo-CMOS SAR ADC With FIA Sampling Driver Enabled by Cryogenic-Aware Back-Biasing

This paper presents a floating inverter amplifier (FIA) that performs high-linearity amplification and sampling while driving a 2<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times$</tex-math> </inline-formula> time-interleaved (TI) SAR ADC, operating from room temperature (RT) down to 4.2 K. The power-efficient FIA...

A Cryo-CMOS DAC-based 40 Gb/s PAM4 Wireline Transmitter for Quantum Computing Applications

State-of-the-art quantum computers already comprise hundreds of cryogenic quantum bits (qubits), and prototypes with over 10k qubits are currently being developed. Such large-scale systems require local cryogenic electronics for qubit control and readout, leaving the digital controllers for algorithm execution and quantum error correction ...

CMOS integrated circuits for the quantum information sciences

Over the past decade, significant progress in quantum technologies has been made, and hence, engineering of these systems has become an important research area. Many researchers have become interested in studying ways in which classical integrated circuits can be used to complement quantum mechanical systems, enabling more compact, performant...

Scalable multi-chip quantum architectures enabled by cryogenic hybrid wireless/quantum-coherent network-in-package

The grand challenge of scaling up quantum computers requires a full-stack architectural standpoint. In this position paper, we will present the vision of a new generation of scalable quantum computing architectures featuring distributed quantum cores (Qcores) interconnected via quantum-coherent qubit state transfer links and orchestrated via...

A 1-GS/s 6–8-b Cryo-CMOS SAR ADC for Quantum Computing

This article presents a two-times interleaved, loop-unrolled SAR analog-to-digital converter (ADC) operational from 300 down to 4.2 K. The 6-8-bit resolution and the sampling speed up to 1 GS/s are targeted at digitizing the multi-channel frequency-multiplexed input in a spin-qubit reflectometry readout for quantum computing. To optimize the...

Neural-Network Decoders for Quantum Error Correction Using Surface Codes: A Space Exploration of the Hardware Cost-Performance Tradeoffs

Quantum error correction (QEC) is required in quantum computers to mitigate the effect of errors on physical qubits. When adopting a QEC scheme based on surface codes, error decoding is the most computationally expensive task in the classical electronic back-end. Decoders employing neural networks (NN) are well-suited for this task but their...

A Cryo-CMOS Oscillator With an Automatic Common-Mode Resonance Calibration for Quantum Computing Applications

This article presents a 4-to-5GHz LC oscillator operating at 4.2K for quantum computing applications. The phase noise (PN) specification of the oscillator is derived based on the control fidelity for a single-qubit operation. To reveal the substantial gap between the theoretical predictions and measurement results at cryogenic temperatures, a...

Interconnects for DNA, Quantum, In-Memory and Optical Computing: Insights from a Panel Discussion

The computing world is witnessing a proverbial Cambrian explosion of emerging paradigms propelled by applications, such as artificial intelligence, big data, and cybersecurity. The recent advances in technology to store digital data inside a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strand, manipulate quantum bits (qubits), perform logical operations with...

Designing a DDS-Based SoC for High-Fidelity Multi-Qubit Control

The design of a large-scale quantum computer requires co-optimization of both the quantum bits (qubits) and their control electronics. This work presents the first systematic design of such a controller to simultaneously and accurately manipulate the states of multiple spin qubits or transmons. By employing both analytical and simulation...

A Wideband Low-Power Cryogenic CMOS Circulator for Quantum Applications

Quantum computers require classical electronics to ensure fault-tolerant operation. To address compactness and scalability, it was proposed to implement such electronics as integrated circuits operating at cryogenic temperatures close to those at which quantum bits (qubits) operate. Circulators are among the most common blocks used in the...

Characterization and Analysis of On-Chip Microwave Passive Components at Cryogenic Temperatures

This paper presents the characterization and modeling of microwave passive components in TSMC 40-nm bulk CMOS, including metal-oxide-metal (MoM) capacitors, transformers, and resonators, at deep cryogenic temperatures (4.2 K). To extract the parameters of the passive components, the pad parasitics were de-embedded from the test structures using...

Characterization and modeling of mismatch in Cryo-CMOS

This paper presents a device matching study of a commercial 40-nm bulk CMOS technology operated at cryogenic temperatures. Transistor pairs and linear arrays, optimized for device matching, were characterized over the temperature range from 300 K down to 4.2 K. The device parameters relevant for mismatch, i.e., the threshold voltage and the...

A Scalable Cryo-CMOS Controller for the Wideband Frequency-Multiplexed Control of Spin Qubits and Transmons

Building a large-scale quantum computer requires the co-optimization of both the quantum bits (qubits) and their control electronics. By operating the CMOS control circuits at cryogenic temperatures (cryo-CMOS), and hence in close proximity to the cryogenic solid-state qubits, a compact quantum-computing system can be achieved, thus promising...

SPINE (SPIN Emulator)-A Quantum-Electronics Interface Simulator

A quantum computer comprises a quantum processor and the associated control electronics used to manipulate the qubits at the core of a quantum processor. CMOS circuits placed close to the quantum bits and operating at cryogenic temperatures offer the best solution for the control of millions of qubits. The performance requirements of the...

Cryo-CMOS Circuits and Systems for Quantum Computing Applications

A fault-tolerant quantum computer with millions of quantum bits (qubits) requires massive yet very precise control electronics for the manipulation and readout of individual qubits. CMOS operating at cryogenic temperatures down to 4 K (cryo-CMOS) allows for closer system integration, thus promising a scalable solution to enable future quantum...